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. 2025 Sep 2;12:1633285. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2025.1633285

Table 5.

Comparison between socio-demographic characteristics and scores for NCD-protective foods, food group diversity, and WHO-recommended five food groups.

Variable NCD-protective food scores P-value NCD-risk scores P-value FGD Score P-value all-5 food group scores P-value GDR P-value
Sex 0.959 0.130 0.904 0.972 0.187
Female 417.12 406.37 416.60 417.26 427.28
Male 417.98 431.32 418.61 417.80 405.35
Ethnicity < 0.001 0.240 < 0.001 < 0.001 < 0.001
Mole-Dagbani 445.56 426.76 439.89 439.86 438.26
Akan/Ewe/Gas 276.42 387.36 315.48 313.79 325.38
Others 442.99 431.87 426.51 430.90 425.00
Educational level < 0.001 < 0.001
No education 462.47 385.55 0.014 446.47 < 0.001 428.16 < 0.001 479.54
Primary 503.77 447.55 480.66 455.57 472.19
Middle/JHS 493.74 466.58 489.16 491.47 436.87
Secondary 472.75 458.58 458.61 474.37 447.82
Tertiary 359.09 405.71 374.69 378.26 380.05
Marital status < 0.001 0.004 < 0.001 0.001 0.001
Married/cohabiting/living with a partner 473.44 438.64 461.18 449.14 446.69
Divorced/separated/widowed 409.38 302.96 373.81 412.79 478.01
Never married/single 364.16 411.18 380.56 390.17 387.09
Employment status < 0.001 0.399 0.001 0.009 0.197
Employed 439.01 417.80 433.75 427.76 420.65
Unemployed 367.86 403.58 376.72 386.80 398.77