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. 2025 Sep 2;16:1642341. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1642341

Table 5.

The chain mediating model of self-control and self-exempting beliefs between negative emotions and smoking craving.

Pathway Effect SE BootLLCI BootULCI Relative mediation effect
Total effect(c) 0.11321 0.02773 0.05882 0.16761
Direct effect(c’) 0.06939 0.02894 0.01261 0.12616 61.29%
a1 -0.30195 0.02679 -0.35450 -0.24939
a2 0.10162 0.02920 0.04433 0.15890
a3 -0.09809 0.02902 -0.15502 -0.04116
b1 -0.11047 0.02875 -0.16687 -0.05406
b2 0.07980 0.02754 0.02577 0.13383
Indirect effects
Total indirect effects 0.04383 0.01074 0.02427 0.06638 38.71%
Indirect1 0.03336 0.01000 0.01510 0.05450 29.47%
Indirect2 0.00811 0.00373 0.00183 0.01638 7.16%
Indirect3 0.00236 0.00117 0.00047 0.00504 2.08%

Indirect1: negative emotions→self-control→smoking craving; Indirect2: negative emotions→self-exempting beliefs→smoking craving; Indirect3: negative emotions→self-control→self-exempting beliefs→smoking craving. BootLLCI, bootstrapping lower limit confidence interval; BootULCI, bootstrapping upper limit confidence interval; SE, standard error; Effect, standardized regression coefficient.