Table 2.

Overview of studies involving in vivo imaging in animal models monitored for over 14 days post-infection, exposed to SARS-CoV-2 (or related viruses)

Animal	Longest follow-up time	Imaging modality	Imaged body part and PASC-related research application	Imaging results
136 Mouse C57BL/B6	6 m	Ultrasound	Cardiac Organ and BCM	Significant decrease in cardiac ejection fraction and fractional shortening, significant increase in the left ventricular end-systolic diameter and volume.
30 Mouse	5.5 m	μCT	Thorax Organ and BCM	Differences were observed in tidal volume between male and female.
127 NHP (CM)	14 d or 3 m + 7 d	PET-CT [89Zr]COVA1-27 and [89Zr]IgG1kappa	Whole body Immune system	Viral dissemination could be followed via the tracers. Tracer uptake was higher in lesional lung regions of both tracers. Accumulation was detected in the lungs, trachea, kidneys and brain.
134Mouse	2.5 m	MRI 9.4 T T2-RARE, MSME-T2, MGE, DTI-tensor	Head CNS	After infection cerebral microbleeds and small vessel damage was detected most prominent in the cortex, hypothalamus and thalamus with persistent sequelae.
124NHP (CM)	52 d	PET-CT [18F]DPA714 and [64Cu]SIRP-Nb	Whole body Organ and BCM	An increased uptake of SIRPα was detected in the LNs but not in the lung lesions. In contrast, [18F]DPA714 showed an increased uptake in both the lung lesions and the unaffected lung lesions but less in the LNs.
47 NHP (RM)	44 d	PET-CT [18F]DPA714	Head CNS	Increased tracer uptake was detected in the brain with a maximum uptake at 30 dpi. Suggesting neuroinflammation and vascular dysregulation.
48 NHP (RM)	44 d	PET-CT [18F]DPA714 Retrospective gated	Thorax Immune system	Increased uptake in the lesions was detected, but also in the anatomical unaffected regions until 30 dpi, which correlated with dendritic cells.
128 NHP (RM)	44 d	PET-CT [18F]FDG	Total body – Intenstine Organ and BCM	Increased tracer uptake in the ileum correlated with extended fecal shedding of the virus and histology.
111 NHP (RM)	42 d	X-ray	Thorax Organ and BCM	Instititial infiltration, exudative lesions, and obscured diaphragmatic surfaces were determined, less prominent after reinfection.
88 NHP (RM, CM)	42 d	CT and PET-CT [18F]FDG	Head and thorax Immune system	Increased uptake was observed in the pituitary gland related to the infiltration of T-cells and activated microglia.
112 NHP (RM, CM)	35 d	CT and PET-CT Retrospective gated [18F]FDG	Thorax Organ and BCM Immune system	CT showed lesions with a variable time course and lung involvement. All PET-CTs showed increased uptake in at least one LN with a peak on 8 and 29 dpi. No differences were observed between RM and CM.
56 NHP (RM)	28–35 d	PET-CT [18F]FDG	Whole body Immune system	IL-10 and IFN-γ regulate pulmonary inflammation during infection. Extra-pulmonary, no significant differences were determined.
122 NHP (CM)	30 d	CT Breath-hold	Thorax Organ and BCM	Radiomic features were extracted to allow quantification of the disease.
129 NHP (CM)	30 d	CT and PET-CT [18F]FDG	Thorax CT and whole body PET-CT Organ and BCM Immune system	Heterogeneity was detected in the duration and evolution of lung abnormalities. By 19 dpi, most lesions were resolved. Increased tracer uptake was determined in the LNs, spleen, and structural changes in the lungs.
123 NHP (CM)	30 d	CT	Thorax Organ and BCM	Lesions could be segmented via deep learning to allow longitudinal quantification of lung disease.
114 Mink	28 d	X-ray	Thorax Organ and BCM	Bilateral GGOs were described, not in the gravitationally dependent regions. The hearts were radiographically and grossly normal.
115 NHP (RM, AGM)	28 d	X-ray	Thorax Organ and BCM	In 2 AGMs a stark contrast was seen between two X-rays on consective days.
119 NHP (RM, CM, CoM)	21 d	X-ray	Thorax Organ and BCM	Nodules, massses, and interstitial patterns were detected in the lungs of RM and CM. Most severe in RM and most prominent in aged RM.
118 NHP (RM)	21 d	X-ray	Thorax Organ and BCM	Pulmonary infiltration was seen in all animals starting from the lower lung lobes at 1 dpi.
40 NHP (RM)	21 d	X-ray	Thorax Organ and BCM	Older animals displayed slightly elevated clinical scores with increased pulmonary infiltrates, which were resolved at 10 dpi.
57 NHP (pigtail)	21 d	X-ray	Thorax Organ and BCM	Subtle changes consistent with interstitial pneumonia reflective of mild to moderate COVID-19 were reported.
117 NHP (RM, CM, AGM)	21 d	X-ray	Thorax Organ and BCM	Increased lung opacity with or without the presence of infiltrates was detected more commonly for AGM and CM.
116 NHP (RM, CM)	21 d	X-ray	Thorax Organ and BCM	Mild-to-moderate lung abnormalities were detected, predominantly in the caudal lung lobes. Vaccinated animals didn’t show GGOs but modest bilateral increases in reticulation, which were resolved by 21 dpi.
120 NHP (RM)	20 d	X-ray	Thorax Organ and BCM	Only subtle and limited changes were observed, but were overall lower in the vaccinated groups.
113 NHP (AGM)	18 d	X-ray and PET-CT [18F]FDG	Thorax Organ and BCM	Modest disease was examined at all timepoints with PET-CT. Only in one animal abnormalities on the X-ray could be determined.
53 NHP (RM, CM)	18 d	CT	Thorax Organ and BCM	GGOs were observed in all at 18 dpi, divided over all lung lobes.
135 NHP (CM)	15 d	MEG	Head CNS	Vaccination has a neuroprotective effect, as observed with the global resting-state brain function.
121 NHP (RM)	15 d	X-ray	Thorax Organ and BCM	Lesions were mainly in the lungs where interstitial pneumonia was remarkale. Pneumonia was more severe in aged NHPs.

The bold and italic written cells indicate articles which are also listed in Table 1.

Details summarized include animal model specifics, longest follow-up time, imaging modality, and imaged body part, PASC-related research application, and key findings.