Table 3. Between-group comparison of secondary and exploratory endpoints—intention to treat population. Differences from the baseline are expressed as mean differences and 95% CIs.
| Measurement | Usual care, unadjusted mean (P25-P75) | Adjusted difference, (95% CI) | P value | Fitness walking exercise, unadjusted mean (P25-P75) | Adjusted difference, (95% CI) | P value | Tai Chi exercise, unadjusted mean (P25-P75) | Adjusted difference, (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MQa | |||||||||
| Baseline | 89.01 (76.05-97.22) | — | .73 | 88.62 (77.14-95.84) | — | .45 | 89.23 (78.16-96.08) | — | .001 |
| Postintervention | 90.17 (76.86-96.17) | 0.92 (0.35 to 1.05) | 91.93 (77.83-97.47) | 3.38 (1.14 to 4.66) | 99.23 (80.55-107.69)b,c | 10.01 (6.52 to 13.93) | |||
| Digit Symbol Substitution Test scored | |||||||||
| Baseline | 28.61 (19.77-27.51) | — | .66 | 29.72 (18.95-27.38) | — | .033 | 28.56 (19.08-28.14) | — | .001 |
| Postintervention | 29.74 (20.35-33.28) | 1.13 (0.72 to 1.88) | 33.92 (26.06-36.26)b | 4.20 (2.79 to 6.93)b | 37.84 (29.12-40.55)b | 9.31 (5.51 to 12.84)b | |||
| TMT-Be finding | |||||||||
| Baseline | 227.19 (219.77-234.81) | — | .51 | 223.66 (215.04-230.27) | — | .33 | 225.58 (214.12-234.94) | — | .001 |
| Postintervention | 225.19 (218.85-235.97) | −2.06 (−3.48 to 0.67) | 220.81 (210.03-233.49) | −2.88 (−3.92 to 0.95) | 207.33 (200.26-220.82)b,c | −18.62 (−24.72 to 2.51)b,c | |||
| Boston Naming Test scoref | |||||||||
| Baseline | 22.45 (19.17-25.37) | — | .63 | 23.84 (19.05-26.68) | — | .03 | 22.61 (18.94-25.06) | — | .004 |
| Postintervention | 22.97 (18.24-25.66) | 0.52 (0.01 to 1.06) | 25.94 (21.36-28.19)b | 2.10 (1.38 to 3.85)b | 26.61 (21.13-29.08)b | 4.00 (1.82 to 6.79)b | |||
| Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Testg score | |||||||||
| Baseline | 32.21 (26.98-38.09) | — | .65 | 33.65 (27.13-39.11) | — | .41 | 32.64 (27.17-38.15) | — | .58 |
| Postintervention | 31.78 (27.04-39.83) | −0.58 (−0.89 to 1.94) | 34.98 (26.63-39.93) | 1.33 (0.64 to 2.98) | 34.64 (29.45-38.38) | 2.00 (1.38 to 4.59) | |||
| Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test delayed recall score | |||||||||
| Baseline | 13.81 (6.99-18.12) | — | .51 | 14.95 (7.24-19.03) | — | .26 | 14.58 (6.23-18.75) | — | .03 |
| Postintervention | 13.37 (6.02-19.42) | −0.44 (−0.80 to 1.50) | 15.48 (6.91-20.11) | 0.58 (−0.32 to 1.39) | 18.39 (7.51-24.46)b | 3.85 (2.66 to 4.59)b | |||
| FBGh (mmol/L) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 7.68 (5.13-8.59) | — | .47 | 8.08 (5.62-8.68) | — | .02 | 7.99 (5.63-8.92) | — | .02 |
| Postintervention | 7.73 (5.48-8.92) | 0.05 (−0.62 to 1.39) | 6.02 (4.89-7.33)b | −2.01 (−2.69 to 1.16)b | 6.11 (4.51-6.94)b | −1.88 (−2.49 to 1.92)b | |||
| HbA1ci (%) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 7.37 (6.55-7.98) | — | .49 | 7.44 (6.78-7.92) | — | .01 | 7.23 (6.16-7.91) | — | .02 |
| Postintervention | 7.40 (6.92-7.91) | 0.03 (−0.17 to 0.11) | 6.99 (6.10-7.32)b | −0.45 (−0.95 to 1.07)b | 6.52 (6.33-7.05)b | −0.71 (−1.58 to 0.82)b | |||
| HOMA-IRj | |||||||||
| Baseline | 3.6 (2.5‐6.2) | — | .66 | 3.4 (2.6‐6.0) | — | .38 | 3.8 (2.9‐6.2) | — | .49 |
| Postintervention | 3.4 (2.2‐6.0) | −0.2 (−0.4 to 0.1) | 3.3 (2.1‐5.7) | −0.1 (−0.3 to 0.1) | 3.5 (2.6‐5.9) | −0.3 (−0.4 to 0.1) | |||
| Total sleep time (min) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 412.7 (387.3-448.8) | — | .73 | 409.6 (385.1-444.3) | — | .01 | 402.6 (380.3-440.1) | — | .001 |
| Postintervention | 422.5 (390.8-445.5) | 9.8 (5.3 to 12.8) | 456.2 (399.0-479.5)b | 47.7 (33.9 to 67.3)b | 460.1 (396.4-489.6)b,c | 57.7 (34.8 to 73.1)b,c | |||
| Sleep efficiency (%) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 76.7 (70.4-83.3) | — | .41 | 75.2 (71.9-82.0) | — | .32 | 74.1 (70.5-81.9) | — | .03 |
| Postintervention | 79.7 (72.8-85.1) | 3.0 (1.7 to 5.5) | 78.8 (72.9-83.7) | 3.6 (1.7 to 5.5) | 83.6 (76.6-89.0)b,c | 9.5 (4.6 to 11.0)b,c | |||
| Wake after sleep onset (min) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 72.1 (56.5-89.1) | — | .42 | 70.7 (52.8-90.1) | — | .37 | 73.6 (55.0-88.3) | — | .02 |
| Postintervention | 76.8 (50.1-87.7) | 4.7 (2.2 to 5.9) | 62.8 (46.6-80.5) | −7.2 (−10.5 to 2.1) | 50.4 (42.1-66.9)b,c | −23.2 (−31.6 to −15.8)b,c | |||
| PSQI | |||||||||
| Baseline | 6.88 (6.34-7.31) | — | .58 | 6.79 (6.28-6.98) | — | .32 | 6.90 (6.47-7.01) | — | .02 |
| Postintervention | 6.85 (6.76-7.02) | 0.03 (−0.09 to 1.06) | 6.05 (5.77-6.29) | −0.74 (−1.24 to 0.08) | 5.43 (5.29-6.03)b,c | −1.47 (−1.99 to 0.14)b,c | |||
| SF-36 | |||||||||
| Baseline | 76.36 (74.43-89.15) | — | .66 | 74.58 (71.82-88.27) | — | .02 | 76.03 (72.77-89.10) | — | .02 |
| Postintervention | 78.29 (75.77-88.03) | 1.93 (0.84 to 2.12) | 83.71 (76.96-98.12)b | 9.13 (7.53 to 14.06)b | 82.98 (77.58-99.52)b | 6.95 (7.92 to 10.25) | |||
| Total steps | |||||||||
| Baseline | 8782 (7162-10899) | — | .38 | 7906 (7588-9834) | — | .001 | 8097 (7155-10561) | — | .02 |
| Postintervention | 9005 (8349-10772) | 223 (109 to 336) | 9902 (8951-11633)b | 1996 (1238 to 2339)b | 9938 (7980-10395)b | 1841 (1052 to 2287) | |||
| TIRk (%) | |||||||||
| Baseline | 60.4 (54.1-73.9) | — | .37 | 62.5 (55.6-74.1) | — | .001 | 61.7 (50.9-78.0) | — | .001 |
| Postintervention | 62.1 (56.8-75.5) | 1.7 (0.6 to 3.8) | 80.1 (63.6-86.3)b | 17.6 (11.4 to 25.5)b | 84.2 (66.7-91.4)b | 22.5 (17.9 to 29.0) | |||
a
MQ: Wechsler Memory Quotient
b
P <.05 compared with the Usual care group.
c
P <.05 compared with the Fitness walking exercise group.
d
DSST: Digit Symbol Substitution Test score.
e
TMT-B: Trail Making Test part B.
f
BNT: Boston Naming Test.
g
ROCF: Ray Complex Figure Test.
h
FBG: fasting blood glucose.
i
HbA1C: glycated hemoglobin.
j
HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.
k
TIR: time in range.
l
MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment.