Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with new-onset advanced cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome (A-CKM) and matched controls.
| Characteristics | Control subjects | New-onset A-CKM | P value | A-CKM onset age (years) | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <45 | 45-54 | 55-64 | ≥65 | |||||
| No. of participants | 17283 | 17283 | / | 1336 | 2319 | 6303 | 7325 | / |
| Age, years | 61.29 ± 12.14 | 61.29 ± 12.14 | – | 36.36 ± 6.40 | 51.01 ± 2.83 | 60.52 ± 2.77 | 70.70 ± 4.27 | – |
| Men, n (%) | 15451 (89.40) | 15451 (89.40) | – | 1189 (89.00) | 2020 (87.11) | 5657 (89.75) | 6585 (89.90) | 0.001 |
| Current drinkers, n (%) | 4778 (27.65) | 4992 (28.88) | 0.011 | 701 (52.47) | 990 (42.69) | 1853 (29.40) | 1448 (19.77) | <0.001 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 5437 (31.46) | 5322 (30.79) | 0.182 | 661 (49.48) | 1099 (47.39) | 2177 (34.54) | 1385 (18.91) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | 3033 (17.55) | 3478 (20.12) | <0.001 | 124 (9.28) | 355 (15.31) | 1347 (21.37) | 1652 (22.55) | <0.001 |
| High school or above, n (%) | 2584 (14.95) | 2510 (14.52) | 0.262 | 631 (47.23) | 513 (22.12) | 620 (9.84) | 746 (10.18) | <0.001 |
| Mental work, n (%) | 2520 (14.58) | 2408 (13.93) | 0.006 | 246 (18.41) | 284 (12.25) | 712 (11.30) | 1166 (15.92) | <0.001 |
| WC, cm | 87.47 ± 9.39 | 88.97 ± 10.34 | <0.001 | 87.36 ± 10.41 | 89.64 ± 10.09 | 89.53 ± 10.09 | 88.58 ± 10.56 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.64 ± 3.27 | 25.62 ± 3.38 | <0.001 | 25.30 ± 3.81 | 25.86 ± 3.41 | 25.84 ± 3.25 | 25.42 ± 3.38 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 134.50 ± 17.87 | 152.52 ± 24.50 | <0.001 | 130.18 ± 21.21 | 145.19 ± 27.35 | 156.24 ± 24.96 | 155.72 ± 20.77 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 82.59 ± 10.44 | 88.80 ± 13.27 | <0.001 | 82.46 ± 13.32 | 90.88 ± 14.87 | 91.40 ± 13.25 | 87.07 ± 12.01 | <0.001 |
| FBG, mmol/L | 5.68 ± 1.78 | 6.61 ± 2.78 | <0.001 | 5.61 ± 2.98 | 6.37 ± 2.69 | 6.69 ± 3.04 | 6.55 ± 2.47 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.74 ± 1.23 | 2.87 ± 1.13 | <0.001 | 2.95 ± 1.47 | 2.80 ± 1.52 | 2.89 ± 1.08 | 2.87 ± 0.93 | <0.001 |
| HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.48 ± 0.57 | 1.34 ± 0.52 | <0.001 | 1.50 ± 1.03 | 1.38 ± 0.53 | 1.31 ± 0.46 | 1.33 ± 0.41 | <0.001 |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.17 (0.83, 1.77) | 1.44 (1.01, 2.21) | <0.001 | 1.43 (0.99, 2.36) | 1.55 (1.07, 2.62) | 1.55 (1.08, 2.40) | 1.34 (0.96, 1.97) | <0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L | 4.94 ± 1.18 | 5.16 ± 1.32 | <0.001 | 4.98 ± 1.17 | 5.16 ± 1.42 | 5.23 ± 1.40 | 5.12 ± 1.23 | <0.001 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 1.10 (0.46, 2.60) | 1.42 (0.60, 3.10) | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.10, 2.50) | 1.50 (0.70, 3.00) | 1.30 (0.57, 2.98) | 1.43 (0.56, 3.38) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 88.22 ± 19.50 | 77.43 ± 27.57 | <0.001 | 40.27 ± 37.40 | 80.15 ± 34.11 | 83.58 ± 23.99 | 78.06 ± 19.69 | <0.001 |
| Family history of CVD, n (%) | 360 (2.08) | 491 (2.84) | <0.001 | 49 (3.67) | 152 (6.55) | 195 (3.09) | 95 (1.30) | <0.001 |
| MetS, n (%) | 5725 (33.13) | 9333 (54.00) | <0.001 | 446 (33.38) | 1268 (54.68) | 3815 (60.53) | 3804 (51.93) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 8030 (46.46) | 13231 (76.55) | <0.001 | 399 (29.87) | 1535 (66.19) | 5116 (81.17) | 6181 (84.38) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 1505 (8.71) | 5473 (31.67) | <0.001 | 108 (8.08) | 581 (25.05) | 2437 (38.66) | 2347 (32.04) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 10242 (59.26) | 12462 (72.11) | <0.001 | 827 (61.90) | 1721 (74.21) | 4812 (76.34) | 5102 (69.65) | <0.001 |
| Anti-hypertension drugs, n (%) | 1043 (6.03) | 3187 (18.44) | <0.001 | 81 (6.06) | 567 (24.45) | 1260 (19.99) | 1279 (17.46) | <0.001 |
| Hypoglycemic drugs, n (%) | 446 (2.58) | 1586 (9.18) | <0.001 | 22 (1.65) | 188 (8.11) | 703 (11.15) | 673 (9.19) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering drugs, n (%) | 75 (0.43) | 272 (1.57) | <0.001 | 16 (1.20) | 73 (3.15) | 110 (1.75) | 73 (1.00) | <0.001 |
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), median (interquartile range), or number (percentage).
BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MetS, metabolic syndrome; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; WC, waist circumference.