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. 2025 Sep 3;6:1594568. doi: 10.3389/froh.2025.1594568

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© 2025 Alrashdi and Alyahya.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Box plot showing DMF scores for three groups: Healthy Negative Control, Healthy Positive Control, and Asthmatic. The Asthmatic group has the highest median score and the largest range. The Healthy Positive Control group shows no variation, depicted by a single line. — Comparison between negative control, positive control and asthmatic groups regarding DMF score.