Table 3.
Summary of generalized estimating equations (n=237).a
| Variables | Within-group changes, adjusted mean difference (95% CI) | Group ⨯ time interaction effect | |||||||||||
|
|
Posttest vs baseline | P value | Follow-up vs baseline | P value | P value | ||||||||
| Light physical activity (minutes/7 days) | .006 | ||||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –1003.38 (–1150.10 to –856.66) | <.001 | –214.82 (–349.85 to 79.78) | .10 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | –745.95 (–936.82 to –555.09) | <.001 | –107.03 (–251.27 to 37.20) | .44 | ||||||||
| MPA ( minutes /7 days) |
|
.059 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –255.34 (–330.57 to –180.10) | <.001 | –49.53 (–125.08 to 26.03) | .81 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | –156.10 (–256.44 to –55.76) | <.001 | –21.55 (–104.80 to 61.71) | .10 | ||||||||
| VPA ( minutes /7 days) |
|
.02 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | 1174.72 (1008.57 to 1340.86) | <.001 | 10.04 (–19.20 to 39.27) | .10 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 1030.86 (809.58 to 1252.13) | <.001 | 0.03 (–0.18 to –0.24) | .10 | ||||||||
| Total moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( minutes /7 days) |
|
.67 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | 920.26 (754.76 to 1085.77) | <.001 | 12.34 (–7.98 to 104.66) | >.99 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 870.85 (673.25 to 1068.45) | <.001 | –21.53 (–104.21 to 61.15) | >.99 | ||||||||
| Average moderate-to-vigorous physical activity ( minutes /day) |
|
.36 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | 164.48 (142.50 to 186.45) | <.001 | 12.65 (–1.80 to 23.49) | .09 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 150.19 (119.67 to 180.71) | <.001 | 7.34 (–3.33 to 18.01) | .65 | ||||||||
| Average length of sedentary bouts ( minutes /bout) |
|
.68 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | 0.02 (–0.58 to 0.61) | .33 | –0.59 (–1.30 to 0.12) | .22 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 0.07 (–0.55 to 0.68) | >.99 | -.302 (–0.98 to 0.37) | >.99 | ||||||||
| Daily average sedentary bouts ( minutes /day) |
|
.27 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –8.70 (–32.85 to 15.44) | >.99 | –16.41 (–40.37 to 7.54) | .66 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | –1.19 (–24.80 to 22.42) | >.99 | 0.739 (–19.48 to 20.96) | >.99 | ||||||||
| Sedentary ( minutes /7 days) |
|
.40 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –1030.08 (–1403.58 to –656.58) | <.001 | –626.89 (–1026.67 to –227.11) | <.001 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | –836.77 (–1207.94 to –465.61) | <.001 | –388.06 (–770.28 to –5.84) | .04 | ||||||||
| Enjoyment of food (Questionnaire score) |
|
.38 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | 0.12 (0.10 to 0.34) | .049 | 0.21 (0.02 to 0.41) | .02 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 0.07 (–0.17 to 0.30) | .43 | 0.07 (–0.14 to 0.29) | .48 | ||||||||
| Emotional overeating (Questionnaire score) |
|
.58 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | 0.17 (–0.04 to 0.37) | .25 | 0.08 (–1.00 to 0.26) | .09 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 0.08 (–0.17 to 0.32) | >.99 | –0.01 (–0.23 to 0.20) | >.99 | ||||||||
| Satiety responsiveness (Questionnaire score) |
|
.74 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –0.21 (–0.39 to –0.01) | .03 | –0.21 (–0.40 to –0.03) | .007 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 0.02 (–0.19 to 0.26) | .73 | –0.01 (–0.20 to 0.17) | .38 | ||||||||
| Slowness in eating (Questionnaire score) |
|
.23 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –0.11 (–0.32 to 0.09) | .22 | –0.18 (–0.39 to 0.04) | .22 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 0.12 (–0.16 to 0.40) | >.99 | 0.14 (–0.07 to 0.36) | .76 | ||||||||
| Desire to drink (Questionnaire score) |
|
.61 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –0.02 (–0.30 to 0.24) | >.99 | 0.04 (–0.23 to 0.30) | >.99 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | –0.06 (–0.38 to 0.26) | >.99 | –0.09 (–0.38 to 0.19) | >.99 | ||||||||
| Food fussiness (Questionnaire score) |
|
.22 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | 0.03 (–0.18 to 0.24) | >.99 | –0.07 (–0.28 to 0.14) | >.99 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 0.13 (–0.10 to 0.37) | >.99 | 0.10 (–0.09 to 0.28) | >.99 | ||||||||
| Emotional undereating (Questionnaire score) |
|
.14 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –0.29 (–0.73 to 0.15) | .82 | –0.22 (–0.65 to 0.20) | >.99 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 0.03 (–0.23 to 0.28) | >.99 | –0.09 (–0.35 to 0.17) | >.99 | ||||||||
| Food responsiveness (Questionnaire score) |
|
.50 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –0.02 (–0.24 to 0.19) | >.99 | –0.03 (–0.23 to 0.16) | >.99 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 0.02 (–0.21 to 0.26) | >.99 | –0.02 (–0.32 to 0.09) | >.99 | ||||||||
| Sleep problems (score) |
|
.67 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –2.38 (–4.76 to –0.0006) | .049 | –1.41 (–3.38 to 0.56) | .53 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | –3.27 (–5.42 to –1.12) | <.001 | –2.05 (–4.14 to 0.03) | .06 | ||||||||
| Sleep latency ( minutes /day) |
|
.004 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –27.80 (–33.07 to –22.53) | <.001 | –26.63 (–32.05 to –21.20) | <.001 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | –6.05 (–31.22 to –20.89) | <.001 | –18.43 (–25.65 to –11.20) | <.001 | ||||||||
| Sleep efficiency (%)b |
|
.002 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | 8.37 (0.54 to 5.73) | .006 | 6.89 (4.32 to 9.47) | <.001 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 3.87 (1.47 to 6.27) | <.001 | 2.94 (0.79 to 5.08) | .001 | ||||||||
| Sleep duration ( minutes /day) |
|
.12 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –2.61 (–26.20 to 20.98) | >.99 | 4.93 (–14.59 to 24.45) | >.99 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | –17.71 (–36.07 to 0.64) | .069 | –13.38 (–33.10 to 6.34) | .70 | ||||||||
| Screen time on weekdays ( minutes /day) |
|
<.001 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –17.23 (–33.44 to –1.02) | .027 | –4.52 (–20.82 to 11.78) | >.99 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | 0.01 (–15.34 to 15.36) | >.99 | 3.96 (–14.28 to 22.20) | >.99 | ||||||||
| Screen time on weekends ( minutes /day) |
|
<.001 | |||||||||||
|
|
Intervention | –60.72 (–89.23 to –32.20) | <.001 | –9.86 (–36.79 to 17.08) | .55 |
|
|||||||
|
|
Control | –0.19 (–29.85 to 29.48) | >.99 | 4.36 (–29.72 to 38.44) | .78 | ||||||||
aGeneralized estimating equations were conducted, adjusting for covariates, including preschoolers’ gender, age, height, weight, number of children with overweight or obesity, as well as parents’ age, height, weight, gender, educational level, income range, marital status, number of children in the household, and number of parents with overweight or obesity.
bSleep efficiency refers to the percentage of time spent asleep while in bed. It is calculated by dividing total sleep time (in minutes) by total time in bed (in minutes). A sleep efficiency of 85% or higher is generally considered normal.