Table 2.
Designs of included studies.
| Primary author (Year); Country | Study design | Length of follow-up | Method of assessment | Population characteristics |
Setting | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child |
Adults |
|||||||
| Impairment/Disability; assessment method | Age range (years) | Sex | Parent/caregiver or community members | |||||
| Barros de Oliveira (2006); Brazil | One group before-after, no control | 30 months | Observation | Multiple; Researcher determined | 8 years and 3 months | All Female | 1 caregiver | Community venues |
| Bharat (2021); India | One group before-after, no control | 2 months | Quantitative surveys | Multiple; Not reported | 0–6 years | Not reported | 83 caregivers | Not reported |
| Chaudhry (2023); Pakistan | RCT with treatment as usual | No follow-up | Quantitative surveys and IDI | Multiple; Clinician determined | 3–6 years | Not reported | Test = 13 caregivers Control = 13 caregivers Interviews = 7 parents |
Clinic |
| Del Pilar Saa (2020); Guatemala | RCT, longitudinal mixed | 2–3 months | Quantitative surveys and observation | Multiple; Not reported | 18 months to 4 years | 92% male | None | School and community venues |
| Estupiñan Vives (2017); Colombia | Programme evaluation | Not reported | Observation | Multiple; Not reported | 7–9 years | Not reported | None | Community venues |
| Favazza (2016); Kenya | One group before-after, no control | No follow-up | Quantitative surveys and IDI | Intellectual, cerebral palsy and autism; Not specified | 3.4–6.5 years | M = 14 F = 4 |
18 caregivers | School, clinic and community venues |
| Gebrael (2011); Brazil | Controlled before-after | Not reported | Quantitative surveys and observation | Visual; Researcher determined | 4–6 years | Not reported | 10 teachers | School |
| González Moreno (2017); Mexico | One group before-after, no control and programme evaluation | Not reported | Quantitative surveys and observation | Down syndrome; Self-report | 7 years | Not reported | None | School |
| Gurgel (2014); Brazil | Qualitative | No follow-up | IDI | Not reported (recruited from a rehabilitation institute for children with disabilities) | 3–6 years | M = 4 | 6 | Clinic |
| Irawan (2023); Indonesia | One group before-after, no control | No follow-up | Quantitative surveys | Physical; Medical records and Pre-Screening Development Questionnaire | 3–6 years | M = 8 F = 12 |
None | School |
| Jacob (2021); Nigeria | Controlled before-after | No follow-up | Quantitative surveys | Multiple; Clinician determined | Mean age = 11.6 years | Music (M = 8, F = 7) Pictorial (M = 8, F = 7) Control (M = 9, F = 8) |
None | School |
| Lynch (2018); Malawi | Longitudinal mixed methods and programme evaluation | 0.5 months | Mixed method | Visual; Researcher determined through registration records | 0.75–6 years | M = 15 F = 15 |
26 caregivers | Home |
| Oliveira (2009); Brazil | Programme evaluation | Not reported | Quantitative surveys and IDI and FGD | Cerebral palsy; Not specified | 5–10 years | All Male | None | Community venues |
| Pirnazar (2022); Iran | Controlled before-after | No follow-up | Quantitative surveys | Multiple; School file | 8–12 years | All Female | None | School |
| Rerkmoung (2024); Thailand | RCT with treatment as usual | 1 month | Quantitative surveys | Cerebral palsy; Not specified | 7–2 years | Not reported | None | School |
| Rico-Olarte (2017); Colombia | One group before-after, no control | No follow-up | Quantitative surveys, IDI, observation | Multiple; Not specified | 6–10 years | Not reported | None | Shopping mall |
| Ríos-Rincón (2016); Colombia | One group before-after, no control | 1 month | Quantitative surveys | Multiple; Researcher determined | 4–9 years | M = 3 F = 1 |
4 caregivers | Clinic and home |
| Rodríguez García (2023); Cuba | Programme evaluation | Not reported | Quantitative surveys and observation | Visual; Not specified | 6–8 years | M = 5 F = 2 |
None | School |
| Sant (2024); India | One group before-after, no control | No follow-up | Quantitative surveys | Hemiplegic cerebral palsy; University of Michigan PSQ | 4–12 years | F = 3 M = 3 |
None | School |
| Zerihun (2024); Ethiopia | Qualitative | No follow-up | IDI and FGD | Intellectual and autism; Not specified | 2–9 years | M = 11 F = 8 |
19 caregivers, 15 community leaders | Community venues |
IDI, in-depth interview; FGD, focus group discussion; RCD, randomized control trials.