Table 2.

Summary of biomarkers and magnetic sensing technologies for skin detection and heart diseases.

Biomarker	Description	Detection Technology	Notes
Blood Volume Variations	Fluctuations in blood volume that can indicate cardiovascular risk	GMR, TMR	Useful for predicting cardiovascular diseases
ECG (Electrocardiogram)	Measures electrical activity of the heart	HESs, GMR, TMR	Essential for diagnosing arrhythmias and other heart conditions
Melanin	Pigment responsible for skin color	HESs, GMR, TMR	Can indicate skin health
Cortisol	Stress hormones present in sweat	AMRs, TMR	Potential indicator of stress
Glucose	Sugar level in blood and interstitial fluid	GMI, GMR	Important for diabetes monitoring
Lactate	Indicator of metabolic activity	TMR, AMRs	Useful in athletic performance
pH Levels	Acidity/alkalinity of skin	HESs	Can indicate skin condition
Uric Acid	Associated with gout and kidney function	GMR, TMR	Indicates metabolic disorders
Pro-inflammatory Cytokines	Indicators of inflammation in the skin	AMRs, GMI	Important for skin diseases
Troponin	Protein released during heart muscle injury	TMR, GMR	Key biomarker for heart diseases
B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)	Hormone produced by the heart in response to stress	HESs, AMRs	Indicates heart failure risk