. 2025 Sep 13;17:267–287. doi: 10.2147/OAEM.S516347

Table 3.

Effects of Shared Decision Making Interventions on Consultation Times in Emergency Medicine

First Author And Year	Topic	Study Type	Time Measurement	SDM Time Consumption
Flynn 2015³⁴	Thrombolysis in acute stroke	Decision aid development report	Decision aid usage time measured through the electronic device the decision aid was presented on	Usage time between 0.7 and 30 minutes Median 2.8 minutes, IQR 7.6 minutes
Hess 2016⁴⁴	Chest pain	Randomized controlled trial of decision aid	Discussion time between doctors and patients taken from audio and video recordings	Usual care: 3.1 minutes (standard deviation 0.29 minutes) Intervention: 4.4 minutes (standard deviation 0.40 minutes) Discussions 1.3 minutes longer (P=0.008)
Hess 2018⁴⁵	Head computed tomography after trauma	Randomized controlled trial of decision aid	Discussion time between doctors and patients taken from audio and video recordings	Usual care: 5.5 minutes (standard deviation 0.20 minutes) Intervention: 7.6 minutes (standard deviation 0.40 minutes) Discussions 2 minutes longer (P<0.01)
Probst 2020⁶⁵	Syncope	Randomized controlled trial of decision aid	Discussion time between doctors and patients taken from audio and video recordings	Usual care: 3.29 minutes (standard deviation 0.20 minutes) Intervention: 5.26 minutes (standard deviation 0.40 minutes) Discussions 1.57 minutes longer (p=0.003)