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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Sep 18.
Published in final edited form as: IEEE Robot Autom Lett. 2025 Mar 14;10(5):4484–4491. doi: 10.1109/lra.2025.3551543

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6.

Muscle activation of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and gastrocnemius medialis (GM). (a) The mean muscle activation across the gait cycle. The colored shading indicates a range of one standard deviation above and below the mean. (b) The change in the mean muscle activation integrated over the stride. (c) The change in the mean peak muscle activation per stride. EMG data is normalized by the mean peak activation during the no-exoskeleton trial. The bar graphs indicate the percentage change between the no-exoskeleton trial and the exoskeleton trial, averaged over both legs. The grey bars represent the average of all participants, with crosses indicating statistical significance (p < 0.05).