Table 3.
Linear and logistic regression analysis of the relationship between smoking and hearing loss among participants, by age (years), in different models, NHANES 2005–2012 and 2015–2018
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous | β (95% CI) p* | β (95% CI) p* | β (95% CI) p* |
| LFHL (20–39) | 1.09 (0.39–1.78) 0.002 | 0.68 (-0.02–1.38) 0.056 | 0.28 (-0.44–0.99) 0.447 |
| LFHL (40–59) | 2.75 (1.74–3.76) <0.001 | 2.38 (1.33–3.43) <0.001 | 2.19 (1.12–3.25) <0.001 |
| LFHL (≥60) | 1.41 (-0.23–3.05) 0.093 | 0.62 (-1.02–2.25) 0.460 | 0.25 (-1.41–1.90) 0.770 |
| SFHL (20–39) | 1.52 (0.80–2.25) <0.001 | 0.95 (0.23–1.67) 0.010 | 0.42 (-0.31–1.15) 0.262 |
| SFHL (40–59) | 3.17 (2.08–4.27) <0.001 | 2.27 (1.16–3.39) <0.001 | 1.89 (0.79–3.00) <0.001 |
| SFHL (≥60) | 2.60 (0.90–4.31) 0.003 | 0.96 (-0.70–2.62) 0.256 | 0.55 (-1.12–2.22) 0.519 |
| HFHL (20–39) | 1.81 (0.70–2.93) 0.001 | 1.03 (-0.07–2.13) 0.067 | 0.46 (-0.66–1.59) 0.420 |
| HFHL (40–59) | 4.55 (2.63–6.47) <0.001 | 2.54 (0.65–4.43) 0.009 | 1.59 (-0.24–3.41) 0.088 |
| HFHL (≥60) | 6.16 (3.67–8.65) <0.001 | 2.60 (0.26–4.93) <0.029 | 1.83 (-0.51–4.16) 0.126 |
| Categorical | OR (95% CI) p* | AOR (95% CI) p* | AOR (95% CI) p* |
| LFHL (20–39) | 1.05 (0.51–2.16) 0.895 | 0.92 (0.43–1.97) 0.834 | 0.74 (0.32–1.71) 0.478 |
| LFHL (40–59) | 2.37 (1.61–3.49) <0.001 | 2.09 (1.40–3.12) <0.001 | 1.97 (1.30–2.980) 0.001 |
| LFHL (≥60) | 1.16 (0.92–1.48) 0.218 | 1.04 (0.80–1.34) 0.788 | 1.04 (0.80–1.35) 0.799 |
| SFHL (20–39) | 0.90 (0.48–1.70) 0.749 | 0.70 (0.36–1.36) 0.296 | 0.50 (0.24–1.05) 0.067 |
| SFHL (40–59) | 2.30 (1.70–3.12) <0.001 | 1.83 (1.33–2.52) <0.001 | 1.68 (1.21–2.35) 0.002 |
| SFHL (≥60) | 1.54 (1.22–1.94) <0.001 | 1.25 (0.97–1.62) 0.092 | 1.23 (0.94–1.61) 0.128 |
| HFHL (20–39) | 1.55 (1.16–2.07) 0.003 | 1.24 (0.91–1.68) 0.174 | 1.11 (0.80–1.54) 0.542 |
| HFHL (40–59) | 1.83 (1.48–2.27) <0.001 | 1.41 (1.13–1.77) 0.003 | 1.30 (1.02–1.64) 0.034 |
| HFHL (≥60) | 1.93 (1.30–2.85) 0.001 | 1.55 (1.02–2.36) 0.041 | 1.35 (0.87–2.10) 0.179 |
Model 1: crude model with no covariates. AOR: adjusted odds ratio. Model 2: adjusted for gender, age, race, education level, and marital status. Model 3: adjusted as for Model 2 plus drinking, PIR, tinnitus, noise exposure, BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and moderate physical activity.
*
p for trend.