Table 1.
Participant Demographics and Clinical Background
| T2D (n =112) | CG (n =118) | Test | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (mean; SD) | 65.3 (0.884) | 59.8 (0.888) | t-test (Welch) | <0.001 |
| Age onset, years (mean (SD) | 51.5 (0.969) | |||
| T2D duration, years (mean (SD) | 13.8 (1.03) | |||
| Sex | 0.241 (χ²) | |||
| Male, n (%) | 47 (38.8) | 37 (31.3) | ||
| Female, n (%) | 74 (61.2) | 81 (68.7) | ||
| Education level | 0.227 (χ²) | |||
| Primary education, n (%) | 7 (5.7) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Secondary education, n (%) | 37 (30.6) | 27(22.9) | ||
| Vocational education, n (%) | 21 (17.6) | 36 (30.5) | ||
| Bachelor’s or applied higher education, n (%) | 26 (21.5) | 28 (23.7) | ||
| Master’s degree, n (%) | 16 (13.2) | 12 (10.2) | ||
| Doctor of philosophy (PhD), n (%) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (1.7) | ||
| Economic status | <0.05 (χ²) | |||
| Working, n (%) | 57 (47.1) | 87 (73.7) | ||
| Unemployed, n (%) | 5 (4.1) | 1 (0.9) | ||
| Retired, n (%) | 59 (48.7) | 30 (25.4) | ||
| BMI, mean (SD) | 31 (0.439) | 28 (0.437) | t-test (Welch) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c level, mean (SD) | 7.27 (0.091) | |||
| Antidiabetic treatment | ||||
| Tablet treatment, n (%) | 86 (71.0) | |||
| Insulin treatment, n (%) | 35 (25.0) | |||
| Other treatments / comorbidities | ||||
| Antidepressant treatment, n (%) | 5 (4.2) | 3 (2.5) | χ² | 0.930 |
| Sleep disorder treatment, n (%) | 8 (6.7) | 8 (7.1) | Fisher’s exact* | 1.000 |
| Cardiovascular treatment (β-blockers) | 37 (30.3) | 17 (14.4) | χ² | 0.033 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 87 (71.7) | 38 (32.2) | χ² | 0.001 |
| Retinopathy, n (%) | 18 (15.0) | |||
| Diabetic foot, n (%) | 19 (15.8) | |||
| Trophic ulcer n (%) | 5 (4.2) | |||
| Nephropathy, n (%) | 12 (10) | |||
| Neuropathy, n (%) | 38 (31.7) | |||
| Stroke, n (%) | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.8) | (χ²) | 0.789 |
| Myocardial infarction, n (%) | 6 (5) | 3 (2.5) | (χ²) | 0.681 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias, n (%) | 15 (12.2) | 14 (11.8) | (χ²) | 1.000 |
| Dyslipidaemia, n (%) | 21 (17.6) | 26 (22.0) | (χ²) | 0.677 |
Notes: Categorical variables are shown as n (%); p-values are from Pearson’s χ²-test (or Fisher’s exact test when any expected cell count < 5). Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD (if approximately normal) or median [IQR] (if non-normal); p-values are from Welch’s t-test or Mann–Whitney U, respectively. Two-sided α = 0.05. The decimal separator is a dot. *Fisher’s exact test was used when expected cell counts were small (< 5) or when counts were identical.