Table 2.
Descriptive Statistics of the EWQ for the T2D Group (n = 118)
| Skewness | Kurtosis | Shapiro‒Wilk | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Skewness | SE | Kurtosis | SE | W | |
| 1. Feelings of sadness | 1.099 | 1.012 | 0.633 | 0.22 | −0.2488 | 0.437 | 0.859 |
| 2. Feeling no interest or pleasure in things | 0.719 | 1.058 | 1.358 | 0.22 | 0.8118 | 0.437 | 0.708 |
| 3. Feelings of worthlessness | 0.512 | 0.958 | 1.928 | 0.22 | 2.961 | 0.437 | 0.6 |
| 4. Self-accusations | 0.529 | 0.775 | 1.374 | 0.22 | 1.1756 | 0.437 | 0.695 |
| 5. Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide | 0.174 | 0.558 | 3.557 | 0.22 | 12.7912 | 0.437 | 0.351 |
| 6. Feeling lonely | 0.893 | 1.131 | 1.233 | 0.22 | 0.6817 | 0.437 | 0.768 |
| 7. Hopelessness about the future | 0.587 | 0.946 | 1.398 | 0.22 | 0.6599 | 0.437 | 0.655 |
| 8. Inability to feel joy | 0.579 | 0.901 | 1.358 | 0.22 | 0.6535 | 0.437 | 0.672 |
| 9. Feeling easily irritated or annoyed | 1.066 | 0.955 | 0.625 | 0.22 | −0.2328 | 0.437 | 0.857 |
| 10. A feeling of anxiety or fear | 1.058 | 1.027 | 0.54 | 0.22 | −0.9001 | 0.437 | 0.834 |
| 11. Tension or inability to relax | 1.008 | 1.012 | 0.62 | 0.22 | −0.5709 | 0.437 | 0.836 |
| 12. Excessive worry about several different things | 1.264 | 1.131 | 0.515 | 0.22 | −0.6151 | 0.437 | 0.872 |
| 13. Inability to sit or stand still | 0.562 | 0.865 | 1.455 | 0.22 | 1.179 | 0.437 | 0.679 |
| 14. Easily startled | 0.529 | 0.886 | 1.52 | 0.22 | 1.1456 | 0.437 | 0.64 |
| 15. Sudden attacks of panic with palpitations, shortness of breath, faintness, or other frightening bodily sensations | 0.281 | 0.648 | 2.449 | 0.22 | 5.5882 | 0.437 | 0.494 |
| 16. Fear of being outside home alone | 0.24 | 0.533 | 2.514 | 0.22 | 7.1373 | 0.437 | 0.501 |
| 17. Feeling afraid in streets or public places | 0.207 | 0.482 | 2.327 | 0.22 | 4.7872 | 0.437 | 0.474 |
| 18. Fear of fainting in public | 0.165 | 0.454 | 3.377 | 0.22 | 14.1481 | 0.437 | 0.406 |
| 19. Feeling afraid of travelling by bus, train, or car | 0.116 | 0.346 | 3.027 | 0.22 | 9.1026 | 0.437 | 0.364 |
| 20. Fear of being the centre of attention | 0.275 | 0.549 | 2.518 | 0.221 | 8.3909 | 0.438 | 0.524 |
| 21. Fear of communicating with strangers | 0.208 | 0.62 | 3.698 | 0.221 | 15.5908 | 0.438 | 0.386 |
| 22. Feeling sluggish or tired | 1.75 | 1.023 | 0.186 | 0.221 | −0.3634 | 0.438 | 0.909 |
| 23. Decreased ability to pay attention or concentrate | 1.283 | 0.9 | 0.18 | 0.221 | −0.7402 | 0.438 | 0.874 |
| 24. Resting does not restore strength | 1.192 | 1.063 | 0.673 | 0.221 | −0.0889 | 0.438 | 0.866 |
| 25. Fatigue quickly | 1.5 | 1.037 | 0.299 | 0.221 | −0.5983 | 0.438 | 0.899 |
| 26. Difficulty falling asleep | 1.466 | 1.224 | 0.378 | 0.223 | −0.972 | 0.442 | 0.883 |
| 27. Restless or disturbed sleep | 1.669 | 1.288 | 0.3 | 0.223 | −1.0917 | 0.442 | 0.888 |
| 28. Waking up too early | 1.076 | 1.235 | 0.962 | 0.223 | −0.2383 | 0.442 | 0.797 |
Notes: EWQ items are scored 1–5 (1 = not at all; 5 = constantly); higher values indicate greater symptom burden. CI assumes a t-distribution with N–1 degrees of freedom. Adapted from Aluoja A, Shlik J, Vasar V, Luuk K, Leinsalu M. Development and psychometric properties of the emotional state questionnaire, a self-report questionnaire for depression and anxiety. Nordic J Psychiatry. 1999;53(6):443–449., by permission of the publisher (Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com.6
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error.