Table 2.

The life cycle stages of metal AM consist of four different stages

Stage	Description
Design	Centers on the design and planning of product architecture Three key tasks are carried out: creating the product’s CAD model, selecting the appropriate materials and designing the manufacturing process
AM	The fabrication process of the product Include upstream processes such as material extraction, electricity generation and pre-processing
Service	Encompasses the period from product delivery to the customer until the end of its life cycle or when it is no longer in use
End-of-life (EOL)	As products reach the end of their useful life, strategies are needed to maximize their remaining value. Common EOL approaches include recycling, repairing, remanufacturing, reuse, and disposal Some options of EOL approaches are recycle, repair, remanufacturing, reuse and disposal