Figure 6.

Chromatin accessibility, gene expression, protein levels, and CD3⁺ T cells proliferation were altered with 1,3-butanediol treatment. A, Venn diagrams showing common downregulated genes and proteins leading to downregulation of immune function pathways. Different shades of blue circles are used to indicate ATAC-seq, RNA-seq, and Proteomics data. The gray box lists the names of common downregulated genes and proteins, beneath which are shown the associated downregulated pathways. B, Chromatin accessibility at the promoter region of Ptprc and Lcp1 promoter. The y axis represents chromatin cut sites and thus open chromatin, and x axis represents the chromatin location of genes of interest. Black peaks represent the control group, and green peaks represent β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) group. C, Real-time polymerase chain reaction data showing reduced expression with Ptprc and Lcp1 in the 1,3-butanediol supplementation (n=5–6/group). D, Normalized relative abundances of Ptprc (Cd45) and Lcp1 detected in the quantitative proteomics study. Black open circle-control, green closed circle-BHB (n=3/group). E, Peripheral white blood cells and lymphocytes in the control and BHB treated male Dahl salt-sensitive rats. F, Representative histogram for percent carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-positive CD3+ T cells andquantification for percent CFSE-positive CD3⁺ T cells in control and BHB groups after 5 days. Data are presented as mean±SEM and N was plotted for control and BHB group (n=7–8/group). All data are mean±SEM, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 and ****P<0.0001. CD3 indicates cluster of differentiation 3; CFSE, carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; D1, daughter 1; D2, daughter 2 population; Lym, lymphocytes; P, parent population; and WBC, white blood cell.