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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Sep 19.
Published in final edited form as: Addiction. 2022 Feb 1;117(6):1768–1777. doi: 10.1111/add.15795

TABLE 3.

Difference-in-difference estimates for past-month use of cannabis only (no cigarettes)

Adjusted DID estimate
MCL aOR (95% CI) P_int RCL aOR (95% CI) P_int
Overall 1.021 (0.947, 1.101) 1.206 (1.088, 1.336)
Age (years)
 12–17 0.898 (0.820, 0.983) 0.014 0.737 (0.624, 0.871) < 0.001
 18–25 0.954 (0.882, 1.033) 0.146 0.964 (0.855, 1.087) < 0.001
 25–34 1.032 (0.920, 1.157) Ref. 1.401 (1.178, 1.666) Ref.
 35–49 0.983 (0.884, 1.094) 0.471 1.374 (1.163, 1.623) 0.868
 50+ 1.241 (1.070, 1.438) 0.030 1.338 (1.068, 1.676) 0.740
F(4) = 5.956 (P < 0.001) F(4) = 14.988 (P < 0.001)
Gender
 Male 0.986 (0.908, 1.070) 0.017 1.099 (0.977, 1.237) 0.005
 Female 1.079 (0.990, 1.176) Ref. 1.365 (1.190, 1.566) Ref.
F(1) = 5.654 (P = 0.017) F(1) = 7.844 (P = 0.005)
Marital status
 Married 1.099 (0.980, 1.232) 0.002 1.345 (1.139, 1.587) 0.020
 Widowed/divorced/separated 1.179 (1.012, 1.373) 0.002 1.351 (1.063, 1.715) 0.094
 Never married 0.939 (0.863, 1.022) Ref. 1.095 (0.972, 1.233) Ref.
F(2) = 7.979 (P < 0.001) F(2) = 3.388 (P = 0.034)
Income
 < $20 000 1.001 (0.908, 1.104) 0.233 1.177 (0.983, 1.409) 0.917
 $20 000–74 000 0.965 (0.875, 1.064) 0.045 1.244 (1.062, 1.458) 0.638
 ≥ $75 000 1.060 (0.973, 1.154) Ref. 1.189 (1.041, 1.359) Ref.
F(2) = 2.092 (P = 0.124) F(2) = 0.148 (P = 0.863)
Race/ethnicity
 Non-Hispanic white 1.077 (0.993, 1.168) Ref. 1.211 (1.078, 1.360) Ref.
 Non-Hispanic black 0.983 (0.876, 1.104) 0.109 0.955 (0.719, 1.269) 0.106
 Hispanic 0.833 (0.732, 0.949) < 0.001 1.305 (1.048, 1.626) 0.541
 Non-Hispanic other 0.871 (0.738, 1.027) 0.008 1.231 (0.968, 1.566) 0.895
F(3) = 7.173 (P < 0.001) F(3) = 1.163 (P = 0.323)
Educational attainment
 Less than high school 0.780 (0.676, 0.901) < 0.001 1.399 (1.089, 1.798) 0.584
 High school or equivalent 1.050 (0.939, 1.173) 0.871 1.153 (0.950, 1.400) 0.322
 Some college 1.019 (0.924, 1.125) 0.480 1.141 (0.983, 1.324) 0.177
 College graduate or above 1.060 (0.951, 1.181) Ref. 1.295 (1.100, 1.525) Ref.
F(3) = 6.059 (P < 0.001) F(3) = 1.172 (P = 0.319)

aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; DID = difference-in-difference; MCL = medical cannabis laws; P_int = P-value for the interaction term; RCL = recreational cannabis laws.

Adjusted analyses were adjusted for the other socio-demographic variables listed in the table.