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. 2025 Aug 13;5(5):oeaf098. doi: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeaf098

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© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.

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Forest plots of the outcomes for the association of non-invasive auricular stimulation with changes in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. Effect size reported for changes in systolic blood pressure (A), diastolic blood pressure (B), and heart rate (C). *Active stimulation vs. control procedure. ^#Active stimulation vs. control status. Listed with ‘a’ to ‘i’ when there were multiple stimulation sites or methods. ‘a’ indicates pulse frequency of 5 Hz; ‘b’, pulse frequency of 20 Hz; ‘c’. stimulation amplitude of 90 μA; ‘d’, stimulation amplitude of 130 μA; ‘e’, left side stimulation; ‘f’, bilateral stimulation; ‘g’, tragus stimulation; ‘h’, behind-ear stimulation; ‘i’, right side stimulation.

Forest plots of the outcomes for the association of non-invasive auricular stimulation with changes in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate. Effect size reported for changes in systolic blood pressure (A), diastolic blood pressure (B), and heart rate (C). *Active stimulation vs. control procedure. ^#Active stimulation vs. control status. Listed with ‘a’ to ‘i’ when there were multiple stimulation sites or methods. ‘a’ indicates pulse frequency of 5 Hz; ‘b’, pulse frequency of 20 Hz; ‘c’. stimulation amplitude of 90 μA; ‘d’, stimulation amplitude of 130 μA; ‘e’, left side stimulation; ‘f’, bilateral stimulation; ‘g’, tragus stimulation; ‘h’, behind-ear stimulation; ‘i’, right side stimulation.