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. 2025 Sep 5;13:1577184. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1577184

Table 3.

Multivariable linear regression demonstrating factors associated with imposter syndrome, using CIPS scores, the dependent variable, in the 1st – 6th year medical students across Thailand (September to October 2022).

Determinants Beta-coefficient (95%CI)
Academic year
Students in the 1st year (reference category)
Students in the 2nd year −4.72 (−7.97, −1.47)
Students in the 3rd year −2.64 (−6.34, 1.07)
Students in the 4th year 1.91 (−4.23, 8.06)
Students in the 5th year 0.53 (−7.12, 8.18)
Students in the 6th year 1.08 (−5.78, 7.93)
Age (years), per 1-year increase −0.44 (−1.49, 0.60)
Grade point averagea
0.00–2.50 −4.77 (−10.86, 1.32)
2.51–3.50 (reference category)
3.51–4.00 −0.18 (−3.92, 3.56)
Resilienceb
Low (reference category)
Moderate −2.75 (−7.16, 1.66)
High −9.66 (−15.40, −3.91)
Self-Esteemc
Low (reference category)
Moderate 4.41 (0.83, 7.98)
High 16.26 (11.03, 21.48)
Depressiond 10.19 (6.21, 14.16)
Suicidal ideatione 3.43 (−0,96, 7.83)
Constant 64.51 (43.3, 85.72)

aThe lowest grade point average is 0, the highest is 4. A higher-grade point average means a higher academic performance.

bResilience was determined by the Resilience Inventory (RI-9). A score below the 25th percentile (0–28 points) indicates low resilience, between the 25th and 75th percentiles (29–37 points) indicate average resilience, above the 75th percentile (38–50) indicates high resilience.

cSelf-esteem was determined by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). A score of 0–10 indicates low Self-Esteem, 11–20 indicates moderate, 21–40 indicates high.

dDepression was determined by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). A score of less than 9 indicates the absence of depression, 9 or more indicates the presence of depression.

eSuicidal ideation was determined by the Single-Item Measurement of Suicidal Behaviors (SIMSB). A score of 0 indicates the absence of suicidal ideation, 1 indicates the presence of suicidal ideation.