Table 1.

Comparative properties and therapeutic efficacy of different types of albumin.

Albumin type	Molecular weight	Isoelectric point	Drug-binding domains	Advantages	Disadvantages	Therapeutic efficacy	References
OVA	45 kDa	∼4.8	Hydrophobic core	Responsive to pH and temperature; High loading of lipophilic drugs	Potential allergenicity; Limited stability	Targeted anti-inflammatory modulation	(Vesković et al., 2022; Wongsasulak et al., 2010; Xiong et al., 2024)
BSA	66.5 kDa	∼4.7	Domains IIA & IIIA	Good mucosal adhesion; Low production cost	Immunogenicity risks; Batch-to-batch variability	Enhanced mucosal protection	(Duan et al., 2022b; Kubiak-Ossowska et al., 2019; Koh et al., 2019; Szymaszek et al., 2022; Yu et al., 2022)
HSA	66.5 kDa	4.7–5.2	Domains IIA & IIIA	High affinity to human tissues; Minimal immunogenicity	High production costs; Endogenous competition risks	Preferential uptake in inflamed or CRC tissues	(Fasano et al., 2005; Kratz, 2008; Kubiak-Ossowska et al., 2019; Tao et al., 2021; Zsila et al., 2011)