Table 3.

Representative receptor-targeted drug delivery systems for the treatment of IBD.

Receptor	Ligand	Carrier	Loading cargo	Delivery route	Characterization	Principal finding	Diseases	Reference
CD44	HA	GBP@HA NPs	EGCG	Oral	S: 441.93 ± 17.27 nm Z: −22.63 ± 3.62 mV PDI: 0.181	Regulating the Keap1-Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways, as well as promoting Caspase-1 dependent pyroptosis	Inflammation	(Zhao et al., 2024)
	HA	TA/CUR-NPs	CUR	Oral	S: 220 nm Z: −28.8 mV	Prolonged colonic adhesion and increased uptake in Caco-2 cells	Inflammation	(Luo et al., 2020)
	HA	BSA·SH-Mag NPs	Mag	Oral	S: 403 ± 4 nm Z: −23.6 mV	HA conjugated via an amide reaction to target CD44+ receptors	Inflammation	(Li et al., 2024)
	HA	BSA-KPV/PLGA/PVA-chitosan	KPV	Oral	S: 272.3 nm Z: −5.3 mV PDI: 0.20 ± 0.06	HA-modified nanoparticles were selectively absorbed by Colon-26 cells and RAW264.7 macrophages	Cancer	(Xiao et al., 2017)
	HA	BSA-Ce6@MPN	EGCG	Injection	S: 219.62 ± 9.30 nm Z: −11.87 ± 0.31 mV	HA can specifically bind to the CD44 receptor overexpressed on the surface of CT26 cells	Cancer	(Liang et al., 2022)
Mannose receptor	Mannose	Man-BSA@Rb1 NPs	Rb1	Injection	S: 106 nm Z: −20.0 mV	Inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells	Inflammation	(Fu et al., 2022)
	Mannose	DOX@MAN-BSA	DOX	Injection	S: 150 nm Z: −15 mV	Internalized by colon tumor cells and M2 tumor-associated macrophages via mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis	Cancer	(Zeng et al., 2022)
	Mannose	eHSA	CA	Injection	S: 108.8 nm Z: −25.3 mV	Inhibiting Wnt signaling for CRC therapy	Cancer	(Yang et al., 2024)

Abbreviations: HA, hyaluronic acid; EGCG, Epigallo-catechin 3-gallate; S: Sizes; Z: Zeta-potentials; PDI: Polydispersity indexes; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; CUR, Curcumin; Mag, Magnolol; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; Man, Mannose; KPV: Lysine-proline-valine; PLGA, Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid); PVA, Polyvinyl Alcohol; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; DOX, doxorubicin; CA, carnosic acid.