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. 2025 Sep 5;16:1580193. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1580193

Table 2.

The relationship between HbA1c and skin indicators by multivariate linear regression analysis.

Uncorrected Corrected
β(95%CI) P β(95%CI) P
Forearm F (g) 2.453 (1.474,3.431) < 0.001 2.331 (1.341,3.321) < 0.001
Forearm M (%) 0.045 (-0.039,0.129) 0.295 0.045 (-0.040,0.131) 0.297
Forearm R (%) -0.175 (-0.278,-0.072) 0.001 -0.182 (-0.287,-0.076) 0.001
Forearm H (%) -0.050 (-0.179,0.080) 0.453 -0.034 (-0.167,0.098) 0.611
Pretibial F (g) 2.203 (0.125,4.282) 0.038 2.094 (0.025,4.164) 0.047
Pretibial M (%) -0.147 (-0.259,-0.034) 0.011 -0.133 (-0.246,-0.019) 0.022
Pretibial R (%) -0.016 (-0.110,0.078) 0.731 -0.024 (-0.117,0.070) 0.619
Pretibial H (%) -0.162 (-0.282,-0.042) 0.009 -0.165 (-0.286,-0.044) 0.008
Instep F (g) 1.990 (0.762,3.218) 0.002 1.808 (0.577,3.038) 0.004
Instep M (%) 0.021 (-0.106,0.148) 0.741 0.050 (-0.078,0.178) 0.444
Instep R (%) -0.110 (-0.212,-0.008) 0.034 -0.109 (-0.212,-0.007) 0.037
Instep H (%) -0.280 (-0.491,-0.069) 0.009 -0.263 (-0.473,-0.053) 0.014

The data on the left is unadjusted, and the data on the right is adjusted. P < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All models were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides concentration, albumin, and creatinine.

Data with P<0.05 are marked in bold for clarity.