Table 2.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes of EO-PE, LO-PE, and control groups
| EO-PE n = 170 (27.2%) |
Control n = 155 (48.8%) |
p value | LO-PE n = 150 (50%) |
Control n = 150 (50%) |
p value | EO-PE n = 170 (53.1%) |
LO-PE n = 150 (46.9%) |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thrombocytopenia | 22 (12.9%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001d | 9 (6.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.002d | 22 (12.9%) | 9 (6.0%) | 0.036b |
| Renal dysfunction | 16 (9.4%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001d | 6 (4.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0.013d | 16 (9.4%) | 6 (4.0%) | 0.056b |
| Hepatic dysfunction | 18 (10.5%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001d | 8 (5.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.004d | 18 (10.5%) | 8 (5.3%) | 0.085b |
| HELLP syndrome | 19 (11.1%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001d | 4 (2.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.044d | 19 (11.1%) | 4 (2.6%) | 0.003d |
| Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) | 5 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0.031d | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 0.316d | 5 (2.9%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0.134d |
| Pulmonary edema | 2 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.175d | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N/A | 2 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0.182d |
| Eclampsia | 11 (6.4%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001d | 2 (1.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0.155d | 11 (6.4%) | 2 (1.4%) | 0.020d |
| Maternal ICU admission | 14 (8.2%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001d | 3 (1.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.081d | 14 (8.2%) | 3 (1.7%) | 0.013d |
| Maternal mortality | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N/A | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N/A | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N/A |
| CAMO* | 52 (30.6%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001d | 29 (19.3%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001 d | 52 (30.6%) | 29 (19.3%) | < 0.028b |
| Gestational age at delivery (week) | 34 (5) | 39 (2) | < 0.001a | 37 (2) | 39 (2) | < 0.001a | 34 (5) | 37 (2) | < 0.001a |
| Preterm birth (< 37 week) | 124 (72.9%) | 22 (14.2%) | < 0.001b | 49 (32.7%) | 13 (8.7%) | < 0.001b | 124 (72.9%) | 49 (32.7%) | < 0.001b |
| Birth weight (gram) | 1988 ± 904 | 3153 ± 455 | 0.001c | 2748 ± 527 | 3174 ± 407 | 0.001c | 1988 ± 904 | 2748 ± 527 | 0.001c |
| Cesarean section | 145 (85.3%) | 78 (50.3%) | < 0.001b | 108 (72%) | 91 (60.7%) | 0.038b | 145 (85.3%) | 108 (72%) | 0.004b |
| FGR | 60 (35.3%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001d | 29 (19.3%) | 0 (0%) | < 0.001d | 60 (35.3%) | 29 (19.3%) | 0.001b |
| Corticosteroid treatment | 140 (82.4%) | 17 (11.0%) | < 0.001b | 70 (47%) | 12 (8.1%) | < 0.001b | 140 (82.4%) | 70 (47%) | < 0.001b |
| Premature rupture of membranes | 9 (5.3%) | 4 (2.6%) | 0.264d | 9 (6%) | 3 (2%) | 0.138d | 9 (5.3%) | 9 (6%) | 0.784b |
| Placental abruption | 8 (4.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0.008d | 1 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 1d | 8 (4.7%) | 1 (0.7%) | 0.040d |
| Umbilical cord pH | 7.31 (0.13) | 7.42 (0.02) | 0.017a | 7.37 (0.12) | 7.36 (0.33) | 0.302a | 7.31 (0.13) | 7.37 (0.12) | 0.008a |
| Transient tachypnea of the newborn | 36 (21.8%) | 8 (5.2%) | < 0.001b | 16 (10.7%) | 9 (6%) | 0.144b | 36 (21.8%) | 16 (10.7%) | 0.008b |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 66 (40%) | 3 (1.9%) | < 0.001d | 13 (8.7%) | 3 (2%) | 0.018d | 66 (40%) | 13 (8.7%) | < 0.001b |
| Continues positive airway pressure | 70 (42.4%) | 8 (5.2%) | < 0.001b | 16 (10.7%) | 14 (9.3%) | 0.700b | 70 (42.4%) | 16 (10.7%) | < 0.001b |
| Mechanical ventilation | 44 (26.7%) | 2 (1.3%) | < 0.001d | 7 (4.7%) | 4 (2.7%) | 0.541d | 44 (26.7%) | 7 (4.7%) | < 0.001b |
| Phototherapy for neonates | 23 (13.9%) | 6 (3.9%) | 0.002b | 16 (10.7%) | 6 (4%) | 0.027b | 23 (13.9%) | 16 (10.7%) | 0.378b |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia | 13 (7.9%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.007d | 9 (6%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.061d | 13 (7.9%) | 9 (6%) | 0.659b |
| Interventricular hemorrhage | 3 (1.8%) | 2 (1.3%) | 1d | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N/A | 3 (1.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0.249d |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1d | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | N/A | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) | 1d |
| Neonatal sepsis | 9 (5.5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.004d | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.498d | 9 (5.5%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.064d |
| Apgar score at 1 st minute | 8 (3) | 9 (0) | < 0.001a | 9 (1) | 9 (0) | 0.001a | 8 (3) | 9 (1) | 0.001a |
| Apgar score at 5th minute | 9 (3) | 10 (0) | < 0.001a | 10 (1) | 10 (0) | 0.001a | 9 (3) | 10 (1) | 0.001a |
| NICU admission | 103 (61.3%) | 15 (9.7%) | < 0.001b | 35 (23.3%) | 19 (12.7%) | 0.016b | 103 (61.3%) | 35 (23.3%) | < 0.001b |
| CANO** | 109 (64.1%) | 16 (10.3%) | < 0.001b | 36 (24%) | 22 (14.7%) | 0.041b | 109 (64.1%) | 36 (24%) | < 0.001b |
| Intrauterine fetal demise | 7 (4.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.015d | 2 (1.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.498d | 7 (4.1%) | 2 (1.3%) | 0.181d |
Data are expressed as n (%), mean ± SD or median (IQR) where appropriate. A p value of < 0.05 indicates a significant difference and statistically significant p-values are in bold. EO-PE Early onset preeclampsia; LO-PE Late onset preeclampsia; HELLP Hemolysis, elevated liver enzmymes, low platelet; FGR Fetal growth restriction; NICU Neonatal intensive care unit; CAMO Composite adverse maternal outcome; CANO Composite adverse neonatal outcome. a: Mann-Whitney U test, b: Pearson Chi-square, c: Student’s T-test, d: Fisher’s Exact test
* CAMO: Composite adverse maternal outcomes include the presence of at least one of the following adverse outcomes: thrombocytopenia, renal dysfunction, hepatic dysfunction, HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelet count), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), pulmonary edema, eclampsia, and admission to the maternal intensive care unit (ICU)
** CANO: Composite adverse neonatal outcomes include the presence of at least one of the following adverse outcomes: transient tachypnea of the newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, need for continuous positive airway pressure, need for mechanical ventilation, need for phototherapy, neonatal hypoglycemia, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal sepsis, 5th minute APGAR score < 7, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, placental abruption, and preterm birth