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. 2025 Sep 18;12:57. doi: 10.1186/s40621-025-00605-w

Table 5.

Description of types of firearm-related behavior identified in manual record review

Categorya No. (%)
All Cases N=437 (100)
Explicit verbal threat 200 (45.8)
Explicit written threat 16 (3.7)
Explicit verbal or written threat 46 (10.5)
Threatened-unknown verbal/written/action 7 (1.6)
Shooting/dischargeb 56 (12.8)
o Intentionally shot and hit person 8 (1.8)
o Intentionally shot person but did not hit person 18 (4.1)
o Unintentionally shot and hit person 4 (0.9)
o Intentionally shot non-person but hit person 2 (0.5)
o Intentionally shot at non-person, did not hit person 14 (3.2)
o Intentionally shot around person, did not hit person 7 (1.6)
o Intentionally shot animal 3 (0.7)
Physical harm 8 (1.8)
Point/touch firearm 102 (23.3)
Brandish 57 (13.0)
Other firearm threat 38 (8.7)
Hunting 9 (2.1)
Unlawful possession 55 (12.6)
Firearm possession 145 (33.2)
Stole firearm 15 (3.4)
Cases With >=1 UCR Violent Crime Charges N=108 (100)
Explicit verbal threat 42 (38.9)
Explicit written threat 2 (1.9)
Explicit verbal or written threat 5 (4.6)
Threatened-unknown verbal/written/action 1 (0.9)
Shooting/dischargeb 25 (23.1)
o Intentionally shot and hit person 7 (6.5)
o Intentionally shot person but did not hit person 8 (7.4)
o Unintentionally shot and hit person 3 (2.8)
o Intentionally shot non-person but hit person 0 (0)
o Intentionally shot at non-person, did not hit person 4 (3.7)
o Intentionally shot around person, did not hit person 3 (2.8)
o Intentionally shot animal 0 (0)
Physical harm 6 (5.6)
Point/touch firearm 60 (55.6)
Brandish 18 (16.7)
Other firearm threat 6 (5.6)
Hunting 1 (0.9)
Unlawful possession 8 (7.4)
Firearm possession 56 (51.9)
Stole firearm 1 (0.9)
Cases With >=1 Non-UCR Violent Crime Charges N=288 (100)
Explicit verbal threat 167 (58.0)
Explicit written threat 15 (5.2)
Explicit verbal or written threat 45 (15.6)
Threatened-unknown verbal/written/action 6 (2.1)
Shooting/dischargeb 25 (8.7)
o Intentionally shot and hit person 1 (0.3)
o Intentionally shot person but did not hit person 9 (3.1)
o Unintentionally shot and hit person 0 (0)
o Intentionally shot non-person but hit person 2 (0.7)
o Intentionally shot at non-person, did not hit person 9 (3.1)
o Intentionally shot around person, did not hit person 4 (1.4)
o Intentionally shot animal 0 (0)
Physical harm 5 (1.7)
Point/touch firearm 55 (19.1)
Brandish 36 (12.5)
Other firearm threat 31 (10.8)
Hunting 0 (0)
Unlawful possession 18 (6.3)
Firearm possession 78 (27.1)
Stole firearm 3 (1.0)
Cases With Exclusively Non-Violent Charges N=74 (100)
Explicit verbal threat 6 (8.1)
Explicit written threat 0 (0)
Explicit verbal or written threat 0 (0)
Threatened-unknown verbal/written/action 0 (0)
Shooting/dischargeb 13 (17.6)
o Intentionally shot and hit person 1 (1.4)
o Intentionally shot person but did not hit person 4 (5.4)
o Unintentionally shot and hit person 1 (1.4)
o Intentionally shot non-person but hit person 0 (0)
o Intentionally shot at non-person, did not hit person 3 (4.1)
o Intentionally shot around person, did not hit person 1 (1.4)
o Intentionally shot animal 3 (4.1)
Physical harm 1 (1.4)
Point/touch firearm 3 (4.1)
Brandish 7 (9.5)
Other firearm threat 2 (2.7)
Hunting 8 (10.8)
Unlawful possession 32 (43.2)
Firearm possession 27 (36.5)
Stole firearm 11 (14.9)

aCategories are not mutually exclusive per case

bSub-categories of shooting/discharge are mutually exclusive