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. 2025 Sep 18;12:57. doi: 10.1186/s40621-025-00605-w

Table 5. Description of types of firearm-related behavior identified in manual record review

Categorya No. (%)
All Cases N = 437 (100)
Explicit verbal threat 139 (31.8)
Explicit written threat 9 (2.1)
Explicit verbal or written threat 33 (7.6)
Threatened-unknown verbal/written/action 6 (1.4)
Shooting/dischargeb 41 (9.4)
o Intentionally shot and hit person 7 (1.6)
o Intentionally shot person but did not hit person 12 (2.7)
o Unintentionally shot and hit person 2 (0.5)
o Intentionally shot non-person but hit person 2 (0.5)
o Intentionally shot at non-person, did not hit person 10 (2.3)
o Intentionally shot around person, did not hit person 6 (1.4)
o Intentionally shot animal 2 (0.5)
Physical harm 6 (1.4)
Point/touch firearm 73 (16.7)
Brandish 37 (8.5)
Other firearm threat 27 (6.2)
Hunting 8 (1.8)
Unlawful possession 40 (9.2)
Firearm possession 98 (22.4)
Stole firearm 7 (1.6)
Cases With > = 1 UCR Violent Crime Charges N = 108 (100)
Explicit verbal threat 30 (27.8)
Explicit written threat 1 (0.9)
Explicit verbal or written threat 4 (3.7)
Threatened-unknown verbal/written/action 1 (0.9)
Shooting/dischargeb 21 (19.4)
o Intentionally shot and hit person 6 (5.6)
o Intentionally shot person but did not hit person 7 (6.5)
o Unintentionally shot and hit person 2 (1.9)
o Intentionally shot non-person but hit person 0 (0)
o Intentionally shot at non-person, did not hit person 3 (2.8)
o Intentionally shot around person, did not hit person 3 (2.8)
o Intentionally shot animal 0 (0)
Physical harm 4 (3.7)
Point/touch firearm 44 (40.7)
Brandish 13 (12)
Other firearm threat 5 (4.6)
Hunting 1 (0.9)
Unlawful possession 6 (5.6)
Firearm possession 44 (40.7)
Stole firearm 1 (0.9)
Cases With > = 1 Non-UCR Violent Crime Charges N = 288 (100)
Explicit verbal threat 113 (39.2)
Explicit written threat 9 (3.1)
Explicit verbal or written threat 32 (11.2)
Threatened-unknown verbal/written/action 5 (1.7)
Shooting/dischargeb 19 (6.6)
o Intentionally shot and hit person 1 (0.3)
o Intentionally shot person but did not hit person 6 (2.1)
o Unintentionally shot and hit person 0 (0)
o Intentionally shot non-person but hit person 2 (0.7)
o Intentionally shot at non-person, did not hit person 7 (2.4)
o Intentionally shot around person, did not hit person 3 (1.0)
o Intentionally shot animal 0 (0)
Physical harm 4 (1.4)
Point/touch firearm 39 (13.5)
Brandish 23 (8)
Other firearm threat 21 (7.3)
Hunting 0 (0)
Unlawful possession 13 (4.5)
Firearm possession 51 (17.7)
Stole firearm 1 (0.3)
Cases With Exclusively Non-Violent Charges N = 74 (100)
Explicit verbal threat 5 (6.7)
Explicit written threat 0 (0)
Explicit verbal or written threat 0 (0)
Threatened-unknown verbal/written/action 0 (0)
Shooting/dischargeb 8 (10.8)
o Intentionally shot and hit person 1 (1.3)
o Intentionally shot person but did not hit person 2 (2.7)
o Unintentionally shot and hit person 0 (0)
o Intentionally shot non-person but hit person 0 (0)
o Intentionally shot at non-person, did not hit person 2 (2.7)
o Intentionally shot around person, did not hit person 1 (1.3)
o Intentionally shot animal 2 (2.7)
Physical harm 1 (1.3)
Point/touch firearm 1 (1.3)
Brandish 3 (4)
Other firearm threat 2 (2.7)
Hunting 7 (9.3)
Unlawful possession 23 (30.7)
Firearm possession 16 (21.6)
Stole firearm 5 (6.7)

aCategories are not mutually exclusive per case

bSub-categories of shooting/discharge are mutually exclusive