Table 3.

Summary of the Mechanism of Action of Chinese Herbal Decoctions in the Treatment of AR

Chinese Herbal Decoctions	Main Ingredients (Latin Name)	Research Object and model	Method of Administration	Dose	Medication Duration	Mechanism of Action	Reference
Xiaoqinglong Decoction	Ephedra, Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid., Asarum heterotropoides F.Schmidt, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz).Baill., Pinellia ternata (Thunb). Makino	Balb/c mice	Intraperitoneal injection	High20.02g·kg−[1]/d, low10.01g·kg−[1]/d	10d	Modulation of the activation of cytokine-associated IL-33/ST2 pathway and co-stimulation of cytokine-associated JAK/STAT pathway in the ILC-2 regulatory network inhibits ILC-2 proliferation and maturation and alleviates allergic inflammation	[132]
Linggui Zhugan Decoction	Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (Fisch)., Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Citrus reticulata Blanco, Actaea cimicifuga L., Bupleurum chinense DC., Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Angelica sinensis (Oliv). Diels	SD rat	Gavage	25mg/kg/d	10d	Inhibits SP expression activity (AOD) release and SPR expression, inhibits mast cell infiltration, and attenuates inflammatory response	[133]
Linggui Zhugan Decoction	Poria, Cinnamomum cassia, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.	SD rat	Gavage	High4.32mg/kg/2times/d, medium3.24mg/kg/2times/d, low2.16mg/kg/2times/d	14d	Down-regulates the expression of MUC5A and MUC5B, promotes the repair of nasal mucosal tissues, and restores the normal physiological function of nasal mucosal tissues	[134]
Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Decoction	Ephedra, Aconitum carmichaeli Debeaux, Asarum heterotropoides F.Schmidt	Wistarrat	Gavage	1mL/2times/d	14d	Regressing the ɑ-diversity of intestinal flora, regulating the structure of intestinal flora, decreasing the expression of ROPγt and elevating the expression of Foxp3 in the nasal mucosa, and maintaining the Th17/Treg dynamic balance	[135]
Xiaochaihu Decoction	Bupleurum chinense DC., Pinellia ternata (Thunb). Makino, Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.	Patients with allergic rhinitis	Oral	300mL/d	3month	Regulates the level of T lymphoid subgroups (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+) in the body, reduces the content of inflammatory mediators VCAM-1, HIF-1, MAPK, and improves the body’s immune function	[136]
Yiqi Zhixiu Decoction	Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (Fisch)., Bupleurum chinense DC., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Magnolia biondii Pamp., Asarum heterotropoides F.Schmidt, Cynomorium songaricum Rupr., Moutan Cortex, Ligusticum sinense Oliv., Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid., Prunus mume (Sieh). Sieb.et Zucc., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz).Baill., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.	Patients with allergic rhinitis	Oral	300mL/d	1month	Reducing the expression levels of CCL17, YKL-40, and ECP, reducing the degree of inflammatory response, and promoting disease regression	[137]
Guizhi Decoction	Cinnamomum cassia, Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Ziziphus jujuba Mill.	SD rat	Gavage	High8.4g/kg/d, low4.2g/kg/d	14d	Affects the cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway, increases AQP5 protein and mRNA expression, and attenuates nasal mucosal pathological damage	[138]
Guizhi plus Huangqi Decoction	Cinnamomum cassia, Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, Ziziphus jujuba Mill., Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (Fisch)., Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz). Schischk., Asarum heterotropoides F.Schmidt, Schisandra chinensis (Turcz).Baill.	Patients with allergic rhinitis	Oral	200mL/d	1month	Inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway, blocking downstream PTX3 expression, attenuating eosinophil infiltration of nasal mucosa, improving nasal ventilation and ciliary function of nasal mucosa	[139]
Mahuang Decoction	Ephedra, Cinnamomum cassia, Semen Armeniacae Amarum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.	SD rat	Intraperitoneal injection	High5.6g/kg−[1]/d, low2.8g/kg−[1]/d	14d	Modulation of cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway, upregulation of the AQP5 protein and mRNA expression, and attenuate the inflammatory response of nasal mucosa	[140]
Allergy Decoction	Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz). Schischk., Prunus mume (Sieh). Sieb.et Zucc., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz).Baill., Bupleurum chinense DC., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.	BALB/c mice	Intraperitoneal injection	6.5g/kg/d	7d	Up-regulation of epithelial tight junction proteins Claudin-1, JAM-M and ZO-1 restores epithelial barrier function	[141]
Bimin prescription	Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (Fisch)., Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz). Schischk., Codonopsis pilosula (Franch). Nannf., Dioscoreae Rhizoma, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Bupleurum chinense DC., Schisandra chinensis (Turcz).Baill., Magnolia biondii Pamp., Xanthium strumarium L., Asarum heterotropoides F.Schmidt, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.	Child with allergic rhinitis	Oral	200mL/d	2weekends	Accelerates saccharin elimination time, nasal mucus cilia removal speed, and restores nasal mucosa cilia function	[142]
Binmin Decoction	Astragalus mongholicus Bunge (Fisch)., Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz). Schischk., Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Cynanchum otophyllum Schneid., Prunus mume (Sieh). Sieb.et Zucc., Ephedra	Patients with allergic rhinitis	Oral	200mL/d	30d	Increase the volume and minimum cross-sectional area of the nasal cavity to reduce the resistance to nasal ventilation and improve the symptoms of nasal congestion	[143]