Table 2.

Transgenerational changes in the offspring of male mice and rats exposed to ionizing radiation or chemical mutagens

Strain	Paternal exposure	Generation	Endpoint	Effect*	Ref.
Mice
ICR	X-rays (216 rad)	F1	Lung tumors after treatment with urethane	Elevated	29
SHR	X-rays (4.2 Gy)	F1, F2	Skin tumors after treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate	Elevated	27
CBA/H	Injection with 239Pu	F1	Lympho-hemopoietic malignancies after treatment with methylnitrosourea	Elevated	30
DBA2	Injection with 55Fe	F1	Lympho-hemopoietic malignancies after treatment with methylnitrosourea	Elevated	23
CBA	Injection with 239Pu	F1	Pre-/postimplantation loss among offspring	Elevated	18
HLG/Zte	X-rays (1 Gy)	F1	Pre-/postimplantation loss and malformations among offspring	Elevated	19
CBA/H	Neutrons (0.4 Gy)	F1	Germ line mutation rate at two ESTR loci	Elevated	3
C57BL/6	X-rays (1–4 Gy)	F1	Somatic mutation rate at lacI gene	Elevated	26
C57BL/6J	X-rays (1 Gy)	F1	Somatic reversions at pun locus	Elevated	31
CD1	γ-rays (1 Gy)	F1	Proliferation of early embryonic cells in offspring	Decreased	24
CD1	γ-rays (1 Gy)	F1	Fertilization rate for spermatozoa	Decreased	25
CD1	γ-rays (1 Gy)	F3	Levels of p53 and p21waf1	Elevated	32
Rats
Sprague	Cyclophosphamide	F1	Pre-/postimplantation loss and malformations among offspring	Elevated	20
Swiss	X-rays (4.5 Gy)	F1	Chromosome aberrations after treatment with x-rays or cyclophosphamide	Elevated	28
Wistar	Cyclophosphamide	F1, F2	Learning capacity	Decreased	33

^*Compared with the offspring of nonexposed parents.