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. 2025 Sep 8;16:1653790. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1653790

Table 3.

Mortality cases, age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR, per 100,000) for stroke subtypes attributable to high alcohol use from 1990 to 2021, and EAPCs in these age-standardized rates over the same period.

Region and gender 1990 2021 1990–2021
Death (*102; 95% UI) ASMR (95% UI) Death (*102; 95% UI) ASMR (95% UI) EAPC of ASMR (95% CI)
Ischemic stroke
Overall 1350.08 (148.27–3310.38) 4.15 (0.43–10.2) 1819.49 (246.01–4,555) 2.21 (0.29–5.53) −2.23 (−2.31 to −2.15)
Sex
Male 923.03 (115.3–2255.96) 6.83 (0.76–16.79) 1461.64 (204.16–3641.27) 4.13 (0.54–10.31) −1.78 (−1.85 to −1.71)
Female 427.05 (34.95–1074.38) 2.32 (0.18–5.85) 357.85 (35.49–919.72) 0.76 (0.08–1.94) −3.92 (−4.07 to −3.77)
SDI
High SDI 511.58 (51.59–1219.37) 4.57 (0.46–10.91) 398.92 (49.2–961.3) 1.56 (0.2–3.76) −3.68 (−3.82 to −3.54)
High-middle SDI 590.1 (59.01–1462.83) 6.95 (0.66–17.43) 686.45 (81.46–1732.75) 3.51 (0.41–8.86) −2.58 (−2.79 to −2.36)
Middle SDI 178.59 (29.88–448.96) 2.14 (0.34–5.4) 542.96 (83.86–1376.58) 2.26 (0.33–5.72) 0.27 (0.15 to 0.39)
Low-middle SDI 44.92 (6.72–122.69) 0.93 (0.13–2.55) 134.63 (18.87–358.44) 1.08 (0.14–2.87) 0.59 (0.5 to 0.68)
Low SDI 21.91 (3.48–60.33) 1.32 (0.21–3.59) 53.97 (8.92–143.37) 1.42 (0.22–3.72) 0.19 (0.03 to 0.35)
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Overall 1186.17 (18.28–2515.63) 3.05 (0.05–6.51) 1787.71 (49.42–3664.4) 2.09 (0.06–4.28) −1.32 (−1.4 to −1.24)
Sex
Male 974.65 (16.29–2050.89) 5.55 (0.09–11.77) 1570.76 (39.36–3210.61) 4.01 (0.1–8.19) −1.12 (−1.21 to −1.04)
Female 211.52 (4.03–462.93) 1.02 (0.02–2.25) 216.95 (10.06–469.89) 0.47 (0.02–1.01) −2.77 (−2.89 to −2.65)
SDI
High SDI 212.98 (5.27–448.75) 1.93 (0.05–4.06) 199.69 (5.55–425.05) 0.92 (0.03–1.95) −2.49 (−2.56 to −2.43)
High-middle SDI 449.43 (7.29–951.96) 4.61 (0.08–9.8) 494.83 (10.39–1051.29) 2.52 (0.05–5.36) −2.27 (−2.54 to −2.01)
Middle SDI 379.11 (4.84–814.83) 3.83 (0.05–8.27) 776.81 (18.32–1579.14) 2.97 (0.07–6.08) −0.71 (−0.83 to −0.59)
Low-middle SDI 87.49 (3.97–193.55) 1.43 (0.07–3.14) 217.23 (7.14–467.24) 1.48 (0.05–3.19) 0.22 (0.11 to 0.33)
Low SDI 55.52 (1.59–127) 2.52 (0.08–5.66) 97.69 (3.16–217.97) 1.97 (0.07–4.36) −0.94 (−1.24 to −0.64)