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. 2025 Sep 8;16:1653790. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1653790

Table 4.

DALYs cases, age-standardized rates of DALYs (ASDR, per 100,000) of stroke subtypes attributable to high alcohol use from 1990 to 2021, and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) in age-standardized rates over the same period.

Region and gender 1990 2021 1990–2021
DALY (*102; 95% UI) ASDR (95% UI) DALY (*102; 95% UI) ASDR per (95% UI) EAPC of ASDR (95% CI)
Ischemic stroke
Overall 27770.06 (3705.7–68000.95) 76.45 (9.55–186.84) 38705.19 (6032.65–96204.67) 45.44 (6.99–112.92) −1.9 (−1.98 to −1.81)
Sex
Male 20224.33 (3004.36–48990.08) 126.54 (17.09–306.98) 32162.99 (5238.03–79017.47) 83.24 (13.09–205.04) −1.52 (−1.6 to −1.45)
Female 7545.73 (754.58–19176.04) 38.15 (3.78–96.69) 6542.19 (798.35–16643.09) 14.01 (1.72–35.67) −3.59 (−3.74 to −3.44)
SDI
High SDI 9269.41 (1048.99–22042.86) 82.25 (9.4–195.85) 7692.36 (1135.61–18367.78) 34.21 (5.38–82.08) −3.04 (−3.17 to −2.9)
High-middle SDI 12474.36 (1476.36–30562.45) 132.37 (14.89–326.16) 14309.23 (2067.94–35799.62) 71.97 (10.31–179.89) −2.38 (−2.61 to −2.14)
Middle SDI 4358.38 (783.67–10843.85) 45.19 (7.81–112.57) 12179.16 (2104.17–30,453) 46.74 (7.8–117.08) 0.22 (0.09 to 0.35)
Low-middle SDI 1089.14 (168.7–3000.43) 19.48 (2.97–53.3) 3193.07 (495.8–8508.61) 23.12 (3.46–61.77) 0.63 (0.56 to 0.7)
Low SDI 520.95 (88.58–1424.2) 26.48 (4.27–71.78) 1282.59 (221.58–3379.06) 28.5 (4.88–75.17) 0.17 (0.02 to 0.33)
Intracerebral hemorrhage
Overall 32262.37 (504.7–67553.4) 78.37 (1.25–164.48) 45667.54 (1358.97–93883.59) 52.45 (1.54–108) −1.38 (−1.46 to −1.31)
Sex
Male 27059.85 (453.65–56371.01) 139.31 (2.35–291.31) 40694.7 (1146.96–83120.57) 98.31 (2.7–201.48) −1.18 (−1.26 to −1.1)
Female 5202.52 (90.36–11223.13) 24.36 (0.45–52.93) 4972.84 (205.78–10696.95) 10.88 (0.44–23.38) −2.89 (−3.02 to −2.77)
SDI
High SDI 5375.56 (123.49–10982.5) 50.3 (1.15–102.3) 4385.36 (127.84–9121.87) 23.04 (0.67–47.31) −2.64 (−2.71 to −2.57)
High-middle SDI 12085.81 (193.11–25046.03) 118.33 (1.96–246.36) 12103.87 (264.6–25319.51) 62.52 (1.34–130.64) −2.4 (−2.66 to −2.13)
Middle SDI 10611.4 (143.33–22608.07) 96 (1.28–204.89) 19911.45 (544.05–40218.9) 71.78 (1.89–145.01) −0.81 (−0.92 to −0.7)
Low-middle SDI 2576.56 (103.82–5800.85) 38.55 (1.68–85.56) 6411.62 (199.38–13843.13) 40.92 (1.3–88.29) 0.33 (0.22 to 0.44)
Low SDI 1569.18 (34.53–3665.9) 64.54 (1.76–149.6) 2817.7 (74.79–6256.91) 50.67 (1.59–112.81) −0.94 (−1.24 to −0.65)