Table 2.
Results from literature search.
| Title | Author | Journal | Year of publication | Country | No. of patients |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A histopathological observation regarding the possibility of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in COVID-19 patients (11) | A. Abdollahi | J Gastrointestin Liver Dis | 2020 | Iran | 2 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: plasma exchange as a final treatment modality (12) | A. Barosum | Chest | 2023 | Canada | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis due to acute primary Herpes Simplex Virus 1 infection (13) | A. Drori | J Clin Virol | 2015 | Israel | 1 |
| Helmet mask and tocilizumab for a patient with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome and COVID-19: a case report (14) | A. Eroglu | Braz J Anesthesiol | 2021 | Turkey | 1 |
| Epstein–Barr-positive classical hodgkin lymphoma-associated haemophagocytic lymphohistocytiosis: a rare case (15) | A. Iardino | BMJ Case Rep | 2018 | USA | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and pancreatic cancer: a rare association (16) | A. Jaan | J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect | 2023 | USA | 1 |
| Febrile conundrum: a case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (17) | A. Schenone | Am J Med | 2014 | USA | 1 |
| Perioperative management of recurrent hemophagocytic syndrome in a pregnant woman: a case report (18) | A. Sumii | Am J Case Rep | 2023 | Japan | 1 |
| A rare case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis mimicking flare of systemic lupus erythematosus (19) | A. Tiwana | Respirol Case Rep | 2023 | Pakistan | 1 |
| Acute Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in an immunocompetent host meeting all eight HLH 2004 diagnostic criteria (20) | AK Bonnecaze | Cureus | 2017 | USA | 1 |
| Haemophagocytic syndrome and paradoxical reaction to tuberculostatics after treatment with infliximab (21) | AT Mariño | Farm World Sci | 2010 | Spain | 1 |
| From upper respiratory symptoms to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: case report of a human adenovirus infection in haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient (22) | B. Demey | Patogens | 2021 | France | 1 |
| Acute abdomen and severe lactic acidosis can lead to a surprising diagnosis (23) | B. Jung | Intensive Care Med | 2010 | France | 1 |
| Natural killer/T-cell lymphoma and secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in pregnancy (24) | B. Neistadt | BMJ Case Rep | 2018 | USA | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with COVID-19 treated with Tocilizumab: a case report (25) | B. Tholin | J Med Case Rep | 2020 | Norway | 1 |
| Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a challenging diagnosis in a patient with autoimmune hepatitis (26) | C. Casault | Case Rep Crit Care | 2019 | Canada | 1 |
| Rescue of cytokine storm due to hlh by hemoadsorption in a CTLA4-deficient patient (27) | C. Greil | J Clin Immunol | 2017 | Germany | 1 |
| A fatal case of delayed diagnosis with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (28) | C. Li | Chest | 2023 | China | 1 |
| When COVID-19 and HIV join forces to trigger hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (29) | C. Ramirez | Chest | 2023 | Chile | 1 |
| Catastrophic hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a young man with nephrotic syndrome (30) | CC Chang | Clin Chim Acta | 2023 | China | 1 |
| Continuous renal replacement therapy with Oxiris® membrane in severe ebstein-barr virus-mediated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a case report (31) | CN Samman | Blood Purif | 2021 | Canada | 1 |
| Flea-borne typhus causing hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: an autopsy case (32) | D. Chandramohan | Infect Dis Rep | 2023 | USA | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated to Haemophilus parainfluenzae endocarditis– a case report (33) | D. I. Costescu Strachinaru | Acta Clin Belg | 2017 | Belgium | 1 |
| Fatal mucormycosis and aspergillosis coinfection associated with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a case report and literature review (34) | D. Loubet | J Mycol Med | 2023 | France | 1 |
| Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in an adult with postacute COVID-19 syndrome | D. Wiseman | BMJ Case Rep | 2021 | Canada | 1 |
| Case report: disseminated Herpes simplex virus 1 infection and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after immunomodulatory therapy in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 (35) | E. Mazzotta | Front Med (Lausanne) | 2022 | USA | 1 |
| A 58-year-old man with acute encephalopathy, fever, and multi-organ dysfunction (36) | E. Rogers | Chest | 2020 | USA | 1 |
| Fatal hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with Miliary tuberculosis: a case report (37) | EE Schnippers | SN Compr Clin Med | 2022 | Netherlands | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis complicated by multiorgan failure: a case report (38) | F. Lovisari | Medicine (Baltimore) | 2017 | Italy | 1 |
| A rare case of acute respiratory distress syndrome in a young adult with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and systemic EBV-positive T-cell lymphoma of childhood (39) | F.N.U. Chesta | Chest | 2023 | USA | 1 |
| Fatal septic shock in a patient with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with an infectious mononucleosis (40) | G. Berlot | Case Rep Crit Care | 2018 | Italy | 1 |
| Macrophage activation in COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit (41) | G. Labro | J Med Cases | 2020 | France | 6 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in unspecific virus infection (42) | G. Lachmann | Anaesthesist | 2019 | Berlin | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in renal transplant recipients: a 2-case report (43) | G. Mascia | Transplant Proc | 2020 | Italy | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis of comorbid etiology: a clinical dilemma (44) | G. Nader | Chest | 2023 | Sint Marteen | 1 |
| How to survive the (cytokine) storm (45) | H. Abu-Hashish | Chest | 2023 | Israel | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and relapsing polychondritis with acute myelogenous leukemia: case report and review of the literature (46) | H. Alsaid | Am J Case Rep | 2020 | Norway | 1 |
| A case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis induced by acute human immunodeficiency virus infection (47) | H. Sheikh | Chest | 2023 | USA | 1 |
| A man in his forties with increasing shortness of breath (48) | H. Tveiten | Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen | 2020 | Greece | 1 |
| An unusual triad of hemophagocytic syndrome, lymphoma and tuberculosis in a non-HIV patient (49) | HRT Hashimi | Am J Case Rep | 2017 | Netherlands | 1 |
| Fulminant Epstein–Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in a renal transplant patient and review of the literature (50) | I Romiopoulos | Transpl Infect Dis | 2016 | USA | 1 |
| Case report: a fatal combination of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with extensive pulmonary microvascular damage in COVID-19 pneumonia (51) | J H von der Thüsen | J Hematop | 2021 | S. Korea | 1 |
| A case of Miliary tuberculosis causing hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis leading to multiorgan dysfunction (52) | J. Giurnitano | Chest | 2023 | USA | 1 |
| Postpartum hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a case report (53) | J. Ho Han | World J Clin Cases | 2023 | USA | 1 |
| Rare case of refractory hypoxia and severe multiorgan failure from secondary lymphohistiocytosis successfully bridged to treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (54) | J. Hundal | Indian J Crit Care Med | 2022 | USA | 1 |
| Parvovirus B19-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: case report and review of the literature (55) | J. Kalmuk | Clin Case Rep | 2019 | USA | 1 |
| Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in pregnancy: a pertinent case during the COVID-19 pandemic (56) | J. Pott | BMJ Case Rep | 2021 | USA | 1 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome secondary to histoplasmosis-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (57) | JA Huapaya | Arch Bronconeumol (Engl Ed) | 2019 | Spain | 1 |
| Simultaneous acquired self-limited hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and Kikuchi necrotizing lymphadenitis in a 16-year-old teenage girl: a case report and review of the literature (58) | JA Sykes | Pediatr Emerg Care | 2016 | USA | 1 |
| Case report: cytokine hemoadsorption in a case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (59) | JC Ruiz-Rodríguez | Front Med (Lausanne) | 2022 | UK | 4 |
| Case report: secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with disseminated infection in chronic granulomatous disease-a serious cause of mortality (60) | JD Squire | Front Immunol | 2020 | USA | 1 |
| Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with severe burns (61) | JRS Porter | Anesthesia | 2013 | USA | 1 |
| Lamotrigine-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with takotsubo cardiomyopathy: a case report (62) | JY Zhou | J Med Case Rep | 2019 | Belgium | 1 |
| A 32-year-old man with hiv infection, pleural effusions, and lymphadenopathy (63) | JZ Xian | Chest | 2018 | USA | 1 |
| EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis complicated by severe coagulation disorders and opportunistic infections: case report of a survivor (64) | K. Saevels | Clin Case Rep | 2018 | China | 1 |
| A rare case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-induced by adult-onset Still’s disease (65) | K. A. Roth | Chest | 2023 | Belgium | 2 |
| Potential killer in the ICU—severe tuberculosis combined with hemophagocytic syndrome | L. Chen | Medicine (Baltimore) | 2017 | USA | 1 |
| Biallelic mutations in the cfhr genes underlying atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in a patient with catastrophic adult-onset still’s disease and recurrent macrophage activation syndrome: a case report (66) | L. Dillemans | Clin Immunol | 2023 | Switzerland | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan failure (67) | L. Liu | J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep | 2021 | China | 1 |
| EBV-positive large B-cell lymphoma with an unusual intravascular presentation and associated haemophagocytic syndrome in an hiv-positive patient: report of a case expanding the spectrum of ebv-positive immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (68) | L. Veloza | Virochows Arch | 2022 | USA | 1 |
| Case report: hemophagocytic lymphocytosis in a patient with glutaric aciduria type IIC (69) | L. Wang | Front Immunol | 2022 | USA | 1 |
| Typhoid fever complicated by hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and rhabdomyolysis (70) | LR Non | Am J Trop Med Hyg | 2015 | USA | 1 |
| A case of recurrent pregnancy-induced adult onset familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (71) | LY Wang | World J Oncol | 2018 | USA | 1 |
| Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the setting of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: a case report (72) | M El-Masry | J Med Case Rep | 2017 | USA | 1 |
| Curious case of secondary HLH triggered by HIV infection mimicking sepsis (73) | M Gao | Chest | 2023 | USA | 1 |
| Macrophage activating syndrome causing decompensated right heart failure (74) | M. Chizinga | Respir Med Case Rep | 2021 | Tunisie | 1 |
| Anaplasmosis-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (75) | M. de Jesus | Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical Center) | 2022 | Brazil | 1 |
| Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis induced by A/H1N1 influenza (76) | M. Dlela | Presse Med | 2019 | Ireland | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic syndrome in a patient with hiv and histoplasmosis: a not so rare correlation (77) | M. Freire | Clin Patol | 2022 | Spain | 2 |
| Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)-associated stress cardiomyopathy secondary to autoimmune conditions successfully treated with anakinra (78) | M. Khalid | BMJ Case Rep | 2021 | Belgium | 1 |
| Disseminated tuberculosis and hemophagocytic syndrome although tb prophylaxis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with infliximab (79) | M. Martinez-Pillado | ID Cases | 2019 | Tunisie | 1 |
| Case report: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome presenting as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (80) | M.A.J. De Smet | Front Med (Lausanne) | 2022 | USA | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic syndrome in a pregnant renal transplant recipient associated with Cytomegalovirus infection (81) | MB Salem | Exp Clin Transplant | 2021 | India | 1 |
| A 19-year-old college student with headache, photophobia, and flulike illness (82) | MR Mourad | Chest | 2017 | USA | 1 |
| Sepsis of unknown origin with multiorgan failure syndrome: think of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (83) | N Maheshwari | Indian J Crit Care Med. | 2015 | India | 1 |
| Diagnosis of GATA2 deficiency in a young woman with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by acute systemic cytomegalovirus infection (84) | N. Burak | Am J Case Rep | 2021 | Malasya | 1 |
| Epstein–Barr virus infection-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (85) | N. Kumar | Indian J Crit Care Med | 2015 | Switzerland | 1 |
| Pregnancy-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with cytomegalovirus infection: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge (86) | N. Tumian | Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol | 2015 | USA | 1 |
| Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and liver failure-induced massive hyperferritinaemia in a male COVID-19 patient (87) | NM Zelwegger | Swiss Med Wkly | 2021 | Greece | 1 |
| High-grade fever and pancytopenia in an adult patient with common variable immune deficiency (88) | P. Bajaj | Allergy Asthma Proc | 2014 | USA | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome associated with Epstein–Barr infection in an immunocompetent patient. A case study (89) | P. Ioannou | Germs | 2020 | Germany | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a rare complication of COVID-19 in a patient with sickle cell anemia (90) | R. Al-Handola | Cureus | 2023 | USA | 1 |
| Adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis causing multi organ dysfunction in a patient with multiple autoimmune disorders: when the immune system runs amok (91) | R. Fleishmann | Clin Case Rep | 2015 | USA | 1 |
| An overlap of septic shock and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a diagnostic challenge in the intensive care unit (92) | R. Jariwal | Chest | 2023 | USA | 1 |
| Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis presenting as acute liver failure (93) | R. Patel | ACG Case Rep J | 2017 | Spain | 3 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a potentially underrecognized association with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, severe sepsis, and septic shock in adults (94) | R. Raschke | Chest | 2011 | USA | 2 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome (HLH/MAS) following treatment with tisagenlecleucel (95) | RM Martin-Rojas | Clin Case Rep | 2022 | Switzerland | 1 |
| Macrophage activation syndrome in a patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and dual viremia (96) | S. Awasthi | J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect | 2020 | Germany | 1 |
| Hemoadsorption treatment with cytosorb® in probable hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a role as adjunctive therapy? (97) | S. Ceruti | Case Rep Hematol | 2021 | Germany | 2 |
| Cytokine adsorption is a promising tool in the therapy of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (98) | S. Frimmel | Int J Artif Organs | 2019 | Japan | 1 |
| First description of single-pass albumin dialysis combined with cytokine adsorption in fulminant liver failure and hemophagocytic syndrome resulting from generalized herpes simplex virus 1 infection (99) | S. Frimmel | Liver Transpl | 2014 | USA | 1 |
| A case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a hemodialysis patient with Coronavirus disease 2019 (100) | S. Kaneko | CEN Case Rep | 2023 | USA | 1 |
| Severe COVID-19-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (101) | S. Khan | Cureus | 2023 | India | 1 |
| An intriguing presentation of Epstein–Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (102) | S. Quadri | Cureus | 2020 | Austria | 1 |
| Visceral Leishmaniasis associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis – case report and systematic review (103) | S. Rajagopala | J Infect | 2008 | Japan | 3 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in COVID-19 case reports of a stepwise approach (104) | S. Schnaubelt | Medicine (Baltimore) | 2021 | France | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic syndrome with severe sepsis caused by capnocytophaga canimorsus (105) | S. Terashima | Am J Emerg Med | 2020 | Taiwan | 1 |
| HHV8-related hemophagocytic syndrome: diagnosis is in the eye (106) | S. Valade | Intensive Care Med | 2018 | USA | 1 |
| Miliary tuberculosis-related acute respiratory distress syndrome complicated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis syndrome (107) | SJ Shiu | Case Rep Infec Dis | 2019 | USA | 1 |
| Cytomegalovirus pneumonitis-induced secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and SIADH in an immunocompetent elderly male literature review (108) | SM Patil | ID Cases | 2020 | Japan | 1 |
| An unusual case of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)—hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) triggered by necrotizing autoimmune myopathy (109) | T. Brown | Cureus | 2023 | USA | 1 |
| Fatal case of TAFRO syndrome associated with over-immunosuppression: a case report and review of the literature (110) | T. Matsuhisa | Nagoya J Med Sci | 2019 | USA | 3 |
| What intensivists need to know about hemophagocytic syndrome: an underrecognized cause of death in adult intensive care units (111) | T. Okabe | J Intensive Care Med | 2011 | China | 1 |
| Epstein–Barr virus–associated hemophagocytic syndrome mimicking severe sepsis (112) | T. Spivack | J Emerg Trauma Shock | 2008 | USA | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is associated with Bartonella Henselae infection in a patient with multiple susceptibility genes (113) | T. Yang | Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. | 2020 | USA | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and Hodgkin Lymphoma in a newly diagnosed hiv patient: a diagnostic dilemma (114) | TJ Okobi | Cureus | 2023 | France | 1 |
| Ehrlichiosis presenting as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in an immunocompetent adult (115) | TP Patel | ID Cases | 2020 | USA | 1 |
| Life-threatening hemophagocytic syndrome triggered by disseminated toxoplasmosis in a young patient with previously unknown AIDS (116) | V. Guiraud | Rev Med Interne | 2022 | USA | 3 |
| A case series of endemic infections associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) mimicking severe sepsis syndrome | V. Kollipara | Respir Med Case Rep | 2019 | France | 1 |
| Case of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis following Epstein–Barr virus infection (117) | V. Krakowski | BMJ Case Rep | 2021 | USA | 1 |
| Management of hemophagocytic lympho-histiocytosis in critically ill patients (118) | V. Lemiale | J Intensive Care Med | 2020 | S. Korea | 1 |
| Reading between the lines: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with concurrent neuroleptic malignant syndrome triggered by a drug–drug interaction (119) | V. Turbay Caballero | Chest | 2023 | China | 1 |
| Secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated with heat stroke: a case report and review of literature (120) | W. Wi | Medicine (Baltimore) | 2023 | China | 1 |
| Acute fibrinous and organizing pneumonia complicated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis caused by chronic active epstein–barr virus infection: a case report (121) | X. Wu | BMC Infect Dis | 2021 | USA | 1 |
| Malaria-associated secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a case report (122) | X. Zhou | World J Clin Cases | 2021 | China | 2 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to disseminated histoplasmosis in rheumatologic disease (123) | Y Kusne | Case Rep Crit Care | 2021 | Japan | 1 |
| Case report: a case of sepsis caused by Rickettsial infection-induced hemophagocytic syndrome (124) | Y. Cao | Front Med (Lausanne) | 2023 | Japan | 1 |
| A case of complete atrioventricular block in secondary hemophagocytic syndrome/hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis recovered by plasma exchange and cytokine absorbing therapy with AN69ST continuous hemodiafiltration (125) | Y. Harano | Immunol Med | 2020 | USA | 1 |
| A case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis after the primary epstein–barr virus infection (126) | Y. Kitazawa | Clin Appl Thromb Hemost | 2007 | China | 1 |
| Conservative treatment failure in Epstein–Barr virus-induced hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (127) | Y. Park | Chest | 2023 | China | 1 |
| Novel swine-origin influenza a (H1N1) virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome--a first case report (128) | Y. Zheng | Am J Trop Med Hyg | 2010 | Taiwan | 1 |
| Disseminated tuberculosis associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a pregnant woman with Evans syndrome: a case report and literature review (129) | YF Shi | Front Immunology | 2021 | China | 1 |
| Extensive community-acquired pneumonia with hemophagocytic syndrome caused by Aeromonas Veronii in an immunocompetent patient (130) | YH Ku | J Microbiol Immunol Infect | 2017 | USA | 1 |
| Successful treatment of mycobacterial infection associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with etoposide and anti-tuberculous therapy: a case report (131) | YH Wang | BMC Infect Dis | 2020 | China | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic syndrome masquerading as septic shock: an approach to such dilemma (132) | Z. Hindi | SAGE Open Med Case Rep. | 2017 | USA | 1 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis associated to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection: a case report (133) | Z. Zhang | Front Immunol | 2021 | China | 3 |
| Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in the elderly (134) | R. Altook | Am J Med Sci | 2019 | USA | 1 |
| A case of secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a patient with SLE following COVID-19 infection and babesiois (135) | M. Ali | Chest | 2023 | USA | 1 |