Table 2.

A summary of the studies compared to the present study.

Study	Acc.	Recall	F1 (Weig.)	F1 (Macro)	Prec.	Reference
Spike2Vec	0.68	0.68	0.64	0.49	0.79	Ali and Patterson (2021)
Kernel Approximation	0.998	0.997	0.998	0.998	0.997	Ali et al. (2021)
PWM2Vec	0.84	0.84	0.85	0.80	0.84	Ali et al. (2022)
Neural Network	0.77	0.77	0.74	0.49	0.78	Ali et al. (2023)
This work (CNN + BiLSTM)	0.99 ± 0.00	0.99 ± 0.00	0.99 ± 0.00	0.99 ± 0.00	0.99 ± 0.00	This work

Only the best values for all used ML algorithms/Classifiers were compared. The results for PWM2Vec reported in this table involved ridge regression as the feature selection approach.