Table 2.
Tissue-specific applications of decellularized ECM for organoid development.
| Organoid types | Source of dECM | Advantages of dECM | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Human hepatic organoids | Sheep liver dECM | Enhanced hepatic functions (albumin secretion, urea synthesis, CYP3A4 activity) through co-culture with hepatocarcinoma cells, MSCs, and HUVECs in LEMgel | [129] |
| Human intrahepatic cholangiocyte organoids | Human and porcine liver dECM | Supported organoid formation and maintained hepatic and biliary markers (ALB, KRT19) comparable to Matrigel despite slower proliferation | [130] |
| Mouse ductal organoids | Rat liver dECM | Preserved ductal architecture and bile transport functionality; serotonin enrichment | [131] |
| Human endodermal organoids | SI mucosa dECM | Maintained cell viability and differentiation across multiple passages with preserved ECM proteins and Matrigel-like mechanics | [36] |
| Human gastrointestinal organoids | Porcine stomach and small intestine dECM | Preserved lineage marker expression and differentiation potential in both gastric and intestinal organoids | [132] |
| Human kidney organoids | Human and Porcine renal cortex-derived dECM | Promoted nephron-like structure formation and expression of renal and endothelial markers in hPSC-derived kidney assembloids | [133] |
| Human kidney organoids | Porcine Kidney dECM | Supported vascular network formation and disease modeling (e.g., Fabry nephropathy) via bioactive renal microenvironment | [134] |
| Human kidney organoids | Mouse kidney dECM | Induced mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and nephron marker expression (Nephrin, WT1), supporting CKD drug screening | [135] |
| Human brain organoids | Porcine brain dECM | Enabled cerebral organoid formation with neuroepithelial structure and expression of SOX2, Nestin, and MAP2 | [136] |
| Human spinal cord organoids | Rat brain dECM | Improved regional marker expression and dorsoventral patterning in spinal cord organoids from hiPSCs | [137] |
| Human spinal cord organoids | Human placenta dECM | Enhanced dorsoventral organization and laminar marker expression (PAX6, PAX7, and FOXA2), promoting spinal cord-like structure | [138] |
Abbreviations: dECM, decellularized extracellular matrix; SI, small intestine; LEMgel, liver-derived dECM hydrogel; CKD, chronic kidney disease.