Table 1.
Sample characteristics
| Parameters | AUD (n = 27) | Healthy controlsalcohol (n = 25) | P-value | Healthy controlsfood (n = 25) | BN (n = 25) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (s.d.) | Mean (s.d.) | |||||
| Age (years) | 21.7 (4.6) | 21.0 (1.9) | 0.970 | 22.2 (3.0) | 23.0 (4.5) | 0.822 |
| BMI | 22.4 (2.1) | 22.1 (1.6) | 0.564 | 22.5 (2.7) | 25.5 (5.8) | 0.084 |
| Illness duration (years) | 3.0 (1.2) | 0 (0) | <0.001b | 0 (0) | 2.4 (1.5) | <0.001b |
| Education (years) | 14.6 (1.8) | 14.7 (1.2) | 0.904 | 15.6 (1.9) | 15.0 (2.0) | 0.316 |
| AUDIT | 13.9 (4.4) | 3.6 (2.1) | <0.001b | 3.5 (2.1) | 4.1 (3.6) | 0.953 |
| EDE-Q | ||||||
| Restraint | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.070 | 0.5 (0.8) | 3.0 (1.5) | <0.001b |
| Shape concern | 1.7 (1.5) | 0.9 (0.8) | 0.029b | 1.1 (1.1) | 4.3 (1.4) | <0.001b |
| Weight concern | 1.3 (1.4) | 0.8 (0.9) | 0.146 | 0.7 (1.0) | 4.1 (1.3) | <0.001b |
| Eating concern | 0.5 (0.9) | 0.2 (0.2) | 0.204 | 0.3 (0.5) | 2.9 (1.6) | <0.001b |
| Total | 1.2 (1.1) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.057 | 0.7 (0.8) | 3.7 (1.2) | <0.001b |
| Eating disorder symptoms (days/4 weeks) | ||||||
| Binge eating | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >0.999 | 0 (0) | 10.1 (8.5) | <0.001b |
| Fasting | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >0.999 | 0 (0) | 6.6 (7.8) | <0.001b |
| Vomiting | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >0.999 | 0 (0) | 4.3 (8.9) | <0.001b |
| Laxative use | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >0.999 | 0 (0) | 0.6 (5.6) | <0.001b |
| Diuretic use | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >0.999 | 0 (0) | 1.1 (5.6) | <0.001b |
| Compensatory exercise | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >0.999 | 0 (0) | 6.1 (6.4) | <0.001b |
| DASS-42 | ||||||
| Total | 22.8 (20.8) | 13.5 (12.5) | 0.113 | 10.7 (6.8) | 30.1 (21.1) | <0.001b |
| Anxiety | 5.7 (6.8) | 3.1 (4.1) | 0.112 | 2.1 (2.2) | 6.6 (6.9) | 0.008b |
| Depression | 6.1 (6.9) | 3.3 (3.9) | 0.180 | 2.6 (2.4) | 10.6 (8.8) | <0.001b |
| Stress | 10.9 (9.2) | 7.1 (5.6) | 0.155 | 6.0 (4.1) | 12.9 (9.0) | 0.005b |
| n (%) | P-value | n (%) | P-value | n (%) | P-value | |
| Binge drinking frequency | ||||||
| Never | 0 (0) | 12 (48) | <0.001b | 14 (56) | 13 (52) | 0.836 |
| Annually | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 2 (8) | 4 (16) | ||
| Semi-annually | 0 (0) | 3 (12) | 3 (12) | 1 (4) | ||
| Three-monthly | 3 (11) | 5 (20) | 4 (16) | 4 (16) | ||
| Monthly | 6 (22) | 3 (12) | 2 (8) | 2 (8) | ||
| Biweekly | 12 (44) | 1 (5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Weekly | 3 (11) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | ||
| >Weekly | 3 (11) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Therapy (BN/AUD) | ||||||
| Past | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >0.999 | 0 (0) | 10 (40) | 0.001b |
| Presenta | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >0.999 | 0 (0) | 4 (16) | 0.110 |
| Previous AN | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >0.999 | 0 (0) | 6 (24) | 0.022b |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Caucasian | 26 (96) | 25 (100) | >0.999 | 23 (92) | 24 (96) | >0.999 |
| Latino | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
| Asian | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | ||
| Mixed | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | ||
| Middle-Eastern | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | ||
| Contraceptive use | 21(78) | 22 (88) | 0.469 | 24 (96) | 19 (76) | 0.098 |
| Amenorrhea | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | >0.999 | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | >0.999 |
| SSRI | 3 (11) | 0 (0) | 0.236 | 0 (0) | 4 (16) | 0.110 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| MDD | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0.723 | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 0.235 |
| PD | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | ||
| SAD | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | ||
| PTSD | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||
AN, anorexia nervosa; AUD, alcohol use disorder; AUDIT, alcohol use disorders identification test; BMI, body mass index; BN, bulimia nervosa; DASS-42, Depression Anxiety Stress Scale; EDE-Q, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; MDD, major depressive disorder; PD, panic disorder; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SAD, social anxiety disorder; SSRI, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
a
Patients were in different treatment modalities (i.e. ambulatory psychologist, psychiatrist, dietician or out-patient treatment programme).
b
Significant result.