Table 5.
Cluster analysis to explore similarity and dissimilarity between codes of trauma and life events, and other codes (with Jaccard coefficient superior to 0.5 indicated)
| Trauma and life events (number of participants) | Other trauma and life events or context codes | Emotional response, cognitions, behavioural response, metacognitions codes |
Symptoms, psychotic symptoms codes | Codes of causal theories, evaluation of the interview and association |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TALE psychosis (11/17) | Social and circumstantial factors (0.82) Socioeconomic or work concern or change (0.5) TALE intimidation or bullying (0.5) |
Fear and anxiety (0.87) Lack of understanding, feeling lost (0.6) Memory perturbation (0.6) Cognitive bias (0.58) |
Paranoid delusions (0.68) Suspiciousness (0.6) Auditory hallucination (0.56) Disorganised behaviour (0.53) |
Causal theories association between positive psychotic symptoms and life and trauma events (0.58) Interview relevant and helpful (0.58) |
| TALE unexpected move or loss of home (11/17) | TALE intimidation or bullying (0.82) TALE psychosis (0.62) Context social and circumstantial factors (0.58) TALE temporary separation of caregiver (0.54) |
Memory perturbations (0.54) Cognitive bias (0.53) |
Causal theories association between positive psychotic symptoms and life and trauma events (0.64) | |
| TALE intimidation bullying (9/17) | Unexpected move of home (0.75) Context social and circumstantial factor (0.56) Emotional neglect (0.5) Emotional abuse (0.5) |
Emotion: sadness (0.5) Memory perturbations (0.5) Sleep disturbance (0.5) Cognitive bias: arbitrary bias (0.5) Metacognition: cognitions about self-representation: lack of understanding and feeling lost (0.5) Perturbation of thoughts (0.53) Cognitive bias (0.61) Perturbation of attentional control (0.5) Help-seeking behaviour (0.63) |
Perceptual anomalies (0.6) Delusions (0.58) Positive psychotic symptoms (0.58) Unusual thoughts content (0.57) Grandiose delusion megalomaniac ideas (0.5) Disorganisation (0.5) General psychopathology (0.58) |
Causal theories association between positive psychotic symptoms and life and trauma events (0.61) Interview relevant and helpful (0.6) |
| TALE emotional abuse (8/17) | Context: Socioeconomic or work concern or change (0.54) Temporary separation of caregiver (0.54) Context: Social and circumstantial factors (0.5) Bullying and intimidation (0.5) Witnessing domestic violence (0.5) |
Emotion sadness (0.55) Reduced sense of efficacy and self-efficacy, lack of understanding and feeling lost (0.54) Misunderstood (0.5) Help-seeking behaviour (0.63) |
Disorganisation (0.53) Disorganised behaviour (0.5) Fatigue (0.62) Post-traumatic symptoms (0.5) |
Causal theories association between positive psychotic symptoms and life and trauma events (0.54) Causal theories link with the context (0.5) |
| TALE emotional neglect (8/17) | Context: Socioeconomic or professional changes or concerns (0.7) Context: Social and circumstantial factors (0.5) Bullying and intimidation (0.5) Witnessing violence at home (0.5) |
Reduced sense of efficacy and self-efficacy, lack of understanding and feeling lost (0.54) Fear and anxiety (0.54) |
Ideas of reference (0.55) Grandiose delusions (0.54) Suspiciousness (0.54) Paranoid delusions (0.53) Unusual thought content (0.53) Absence of a symptom (0.5) |
Causal theories including trauma and life events (0.67) Interview relevant and helpful (0.53) |
| TALE discrimination (7/17) | Threatening contact with the police (0.5) | Anger (0.66) Endangerment (0.57) Thoughts acceleration (0.5) Dissociation (0.5) Fatigue (0.5) |
Visual hallucinations, creatures or monsters (0.5) Auditory-verbal hallucinations, powerful voices (0.5) Tactile hallucinations (0.5) |
Interview relevant existence of a link between trauma and positive psychotic symptoms (0.5) |
| TALE witnessing domestic violence (7/17) | Context: Socioeconomic or professional changes or concerns (0.6) Emotional neglect (0.5) Emotional abuse (0.5) Permanent loss of caregiver (0.5) |
Lack of understanding and feeling lost (0.6) Endangerment (0.55) Altered cognition about self (0.5) Altered behaviour (0.5) Fatigue exhaustion (0.5) Fear and anxiety (0.5) |
Soliloquy (0.57) | Causal theories trauma and life events (0.5) Interview relevant and helpful (0.5) |
| Childhood sexual abuse (6/17) | Emotion anger (0.5) Memory perturbations (0.5) Mental imagery (0.5) Help-seeking behaviour (0.55) |
Tactile hallucinations (0.83) Mystic or esoteric delusions (0.71) Mystic or esoteric delusions ideas of incarnation bewitchment (0.66) Auditory verbal hallucinations content (0.62) Delusion of control (0.5) Hallucinations of torsion, decomposition, strangulation (0.5) Grandiose delusion megalomaniac (0.55) Grandiose delusions (0.5) Injunction to hurt oneself, threat in auditory-verbal hallucination (0.5) Interior auditory-verbal hallucination (0.5) Visual hallucinations with writing or blood (0.5) Somatic or somesthesic hallucinations (0.5) Somatic distorions (0.5) |
Causal theories including trauma and life events (0.54) | |
| TALE physical abuse by close ones (5/17) | Context: Sociocultural factors (0.5) | Increased energy (0.5) Consequences of behaviour: endangerment (0.5) Other symptoms (0.5) |
Auditory distortions (0.5) | Association between trauma and life events and contextual factors (0.5) Link made with sociocultural elements (0.5) |
| TALE permanent loss of caregiver (5/17) | Context: Socioeconomic concern or change (0.55) | Behavioural response: activation, communication (0.5) | Mind reading (0.5) | Misunderstood during care (0.5) Link made with sociocultural elements (0.5) |
| TALE accident and illness (4/17) | Behavioural response: Hyper-investment in school or work (0.67) Suicide attempt (0.66) |
Ideas of being envied by others (0.66) Hallucination link with traumatic events (0.5) Auditory-verbal hallucinations, Injunction to hurt oneself (0.5) |
Causal link between hallucination and trauma events (0.5) | |
| TALE physical neglect (3/17) | Context: Toxic withdrawal (0.5) Context: Social and circumstantial factors: Professional tension (0.5) |
Guilt (0.5) Post-traumatic stress symptoms: Nightmares (0.5) Altered behaviour seeking to defend oneself or attack with a knife (0.5) Traumatic stimuli (0.5) Cognitive bias: Attribution bias (0.5) |
Auditory hallucination, neighbour noise (0.5) Guilt ideations (0.5) Ideations of infestation or degradation (0.5) Incuria (0.5) |
Causal theory: attribution bias as a mediating factor (0.5) Causal theory: association between life and trauma events and positive psychotic symptoms: stressful circumstantial factors and emotional neglect (0.5) Causal link with emotional abuse (0.5) Causal theory: link made with introversion (0.5) Interview relevant and helpful (0.5) |
TALE, Trauma and Life Experiences Checklist.