Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of GLP-1RA and SGLT2i cohorts before and after propensity score matching
| Before matching, n (%) | After matching, n (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLP-1RA (n = 377,557) | SGLT2i (n = 267,564) | SMD | GLP-1RA (n = 180,740) | SGLT2i (n = 180,740) | SMD | |
| Age at index, mean (SD) (years) | 57.2 (13.4) | 65.5 (12.2) | 0.650 | 62.6 (11.6) | 62.6 (12.2) | 0.001 |
| Female sex | 221,689 (58.7) | 104,400 (39.0) | 0.402 | 81,693 (45.2) | 82,527 (45.7) | 0.009 |
| Race and ethnicity | ||||||
| African American or Black | 75,226 (19.9) | 51,191 (19.1) | 0.020 | 33,938 (18.8) | 34,369 (19.0) | 0.006 |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1,606 (0.4) | 971 (0.4) | 0.010 | 734 (0.4) | 708 (0.4) | 0.002 |
| Asian | 11,324 (3.0) | 15,440 (5.8) | 0.136 | 7,812 (4.3) | 7,934 (4.4) | 0.003 |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 2,839 (0.8) | 2,119 (0.8) | 0.005 | 1,419 (0.8) | 1,378 (0.8) | 0.003 |
| White | 232,947 (61.7) | 160,202 (59.9) | 0.037 | 110,093 (60.9) | 109,915 (60.8) | 0.002 |
| Other race | 16,642 (4.4) | 11,248 (4.2) | 0.010 | 7,974 (4.4) | 8,017 (4.4) | 0.001 |
| Hispanic or Latino | 34,610 (9.2) | 23,221 (8.7) | 0.017 | 16,546 (9.2) | 16,464 (9.1) | 0.002 |
| Not Hispanic or Latino | 263,950 (69.9) | 193,276 (72.2) | 0.051 | 12,6570 (70.0) | 127,422 (70.5) | 0.010 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Hypertensive disease | 258,965 (68.6) | 21,3424 (79.8) | 0.257 | 134,094 (74.2) | 134,192 (74.2) | 0.001 |
| Atherosclerosis | 21,411 (5.7) | 32,694 (12.2) | 0.231 | 15,162 (8.4) | 15,201 (8.4) | 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 54,561 (14.5) | 76,273 (28.5) | 0.347 | 37,519 (20.8) | 37,888 (21.0) | 0.005 |
| End-stage renal disease | 8,801 (2.3) | 5,290 (2.0) | 0.024 | 4,160 (2.3) | 4,027 (2.2) | 0.005 |
| Chronic lower respiratory disease | 100,274 (26.6) | 75,321 (28.2) | 0.036 | 45,397 (25.1) | 45,466 (25.2) | 0.001 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 72,198 (19.1) | 115,858 (43.3) | 0.541 | 53,908 (29.8) | 53,956 (29.9) | 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 34,283 (9.1) | 91,282 (34.1) | 0.639 | 31,392 (17.4) | 31,975 (17.7) | 0.008 |
| Atrial fibrillation and flutter | 26,087 (6.9) | 56,055 (21.0) | 0.414 | 20,983 (11.6) | 21,297 (11.8) | 0.005 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 35,034 (9.3) | 48,517 (18.1) | 0.260 | 23,797 (13.2) | 24,009 (13.3) | 0.003 |
| Fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver | 9,307 (2.5) | 9,115 (3.4) | 0.056 | 5,425 (3.0) | 5,289 (2.9) | 0.004 |
| Other and unspecified cirrhosis of liver | 7,558 (2.0) | 8,185 (3.1) | 0.067 | 4,731 (2.6) | 4,633 (2.6) | 0.003 |
| Neoplasm | 128,476 (34.0) | 91,993 (34.4) | 0.007 | 59,989 (33.2) | 60,157 (33.3) | 0.002 |
| Aortic aneurysm and dissection | 5,278 (1.4) | 10,329 (3.9) | 0.154 | 4,137 (2.3) | 4,118 (2.3) | 0.001 |
| Other aneurysm | 2,739 (0.7) | 4,230 (1.6) | 0.080 | 1,877 (1.0) | 1,923 (1.1) | 0.002 |
| Arterial embolism and thrombosis | 2,307 (0.6) | 3,635 (1.4) | 0.076 | 1,629 (0.9) | 1,636 (0.9) | <0.001 |
| Other peripheral vascular diseases | 21,973 (5.8) | 30,314 (11.3) | 0.198 | 14,661 (8.1) | 14,892 (8.2) | 0.005 |
| Other disorders of arteries and arterioles | 13,792 (3.7) | 20,896 (7.8) | 0.180 | 9,480 (5.2) | 9,492 (5.3) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes with diabetic peripheral angiopathy without gangrene | 12,766 (3.4) | 19,220 (7.2) | 0.171 | 9,075 (5.0) | 9,214 (5.1) | 0.004 |
| Type 2 diabetes with diabetic peripheral angiopathy with gangrene | 1,971 (0.5) | 2,927 (1.1) | 0.064 | 1,430 (0.8) | 1,433 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes with diabetic polyneuropathy | 39,811 (10.5) | 32,712 (12.2) | 0.053 | 21,901 (12.1) | 21,759 (12.0) | 0.002 |
| Presence of coronary angioplasty implant and graft | 12,313 (3.3) | 28,730 (10.7) | 0.296 | 10,516 (5.8) | 10,683 (5.9) | 0.004 |
| Presence of aortocoronary bypass graft | 9,574 (2.5) | 24,276 (9.1) | 0.282 | 8,458 (4.7) | 8,688 (4.8) | 0.006 |
| Socioeconomic and psychosocial health hazards | 20,080 (5.3) | 15,372 (5.7) | 0.019 | 8,898 (4.9) | 9,008 (5.0) | 0.003 |
| Tobacco use | 21,977 (5.8) | 20,720 (7.7) | 0.077 | 11,630 (6.4) | 11,698 (6.5) | 0.002 |
| Nicotine dependence | 56,056 (14.8) | 49,871 (18.6) | 0.102 | 2,9109 (16.1) | 29,094 (16.1) | <0.001 |
| Personal history of nicotine dependence | 58,320 (15.4) | 62,464 (23.3) | 0.201 | 32,737 (18.1) | 33,109 (18.3) | 0.005 |
| Unspecified dementia | 3,015 (0.8) | 6,021 (2.3) | 0.119 | 2,407 (1.3) | 2,455 (1.4) | 0.002 |
| Procedure | ||||||
| Venous grafting only for coronary artery bypass | 248 (0.1) | 670 (0.3) | 0.047 | 219 (0.1) | 234 (0.1) | 0.002 |
| Combined arterial-venous grafting for coronary bypass | 2,168 (0.6) | 5,386 (2.0) | 0.128 | 1,956 (1.1) | 2,012 (1.1) | 0.003 |
| Arterial grafting for coronary artery bypass | 2,427 (0.6) | 5,859 (2.2) | 0.131 | 2,162 (1.2) | 2,204 (1.2) | 0.002 |
| Endovascular repair procedures of the abdominal aorta and/or iliac arteries | 199 (0.1) | 651 (0.2) | 0.050 | 176 (0.1) | 199 (0.1) | 0.004 |
| Endovascular revascularization (open or percutaneous, transcatheter) | 2,274 (0.6) | 3,991 (1.5) | 0.087 | 1,740 (1.0) | 1,807 (1.0) | 0.004 |
| Medications | ||||||
| Insulin and analogs | 153,705 (40.7) | 132,010 (49.3) | 0.174 | 81,504 (45.1) | 81,087 (44.9) | 0.005 |
| Biguanides | 228,799 (60.6) | 149,469 (55.9) | 0.096 | 108,309 (59.9) | 108,174 (59.9) | 0.002 |
| Sulfonylureas | 83,684 (22.2) | 70,362 (26.3) | 0.097 | 48,536 (26.9) | 48,285 (26.7) | 0.003 |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 1,153 (0.3) | 898 (0.3) | 0.005 | 608 (0.3) | 613 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Thiazolidinediones | 19,254 (5.1) | 15,243 (5.7) | 0.026 | 11,171 (6.2) | 11,003 (6.1) | 0.004 |
| Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors | 51,854 (13.7) | 46,935 (17.5) | 0.105 | 31,887 (17.6) | 31,789 (17.6) | 0.001 |
| Diuretics | 171,784 (45.5) | 153,756 (57.5) | 0.241 | 89,763 (49.7) | 89,899 (49.7) | 0.002 |
| β-Blocking agents | 158,324 (41.9) | 159,489 (59.6) | 0.359 | 89,885 (49.7) | 90,124 (49.9) | 0.003 |
| ACE inhibitors | 144,429 (38.3) | 122,429 (45.8) | 0.152 | 78,052 (43.2) | 77,682 (43.0) | 0.004 |
| Angiotensin II receptor blockers | 103,081 (27.3) | 99,696 (37.3) | 0.214 | 57,540 (31.8) | 57,423 (31.8) | 0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 118,492 (31.4) | 115,742 (43.3) | 0.247 | 67,654 (37.4) | 67,807 (37.5) | 0.002 |
| Lipid-modifying agents | 230,534 (61.1) | 198,943 (74.4) | 0.287 | 126,190 (69.8) | 125,716 (69.6) | 0.006 |
| Antithrombotic agents | 182,464 (48.3) | 178,305 (66.6) | 0.377 | 103,269 (57.1) | 103,278 (57.1) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory values, mean (SD) | ||||||
| HbA1c (%) | 7.6 (2.0) | 7.6 (1.9) | 0.006 | 7.8 (2.0) | 7.8 (1.9) | 0.041 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 37.1 (8.2) | 31.7 (7.4) | 0.697 | 34.6 (7.9) | 33.1 (7.5) | 0.191 |
| GFR (predicted) (mL/min/m2) | 79.5 (28.2) | 70.6 (28.2) | 0.316 | 73.7 (27.6) | 74.3 (28.5) | 0.022 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 171.8 (46.6) | 157.6 (48.3) | 0.300 | 164.9 (47.0) | 163.1 (49.0) | 0.038 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 172.6 (142.4) | 161.8 (147.9) | 0.075 | 171.0 (132.4) | 173.5 (164.5) | 0.017 |
| Health care utilization | ||||||
| Ambulatory visit | 336,655 (89.2) | 234,781 (87.7) | 0.044 | 157,241 (87.0) | 157,688 (87.2) | 0.007 |
| Inpatient encounter | 128,236 (34.0) | 126,861 (47.4) | 0.276 | 68,442 (37.9) | 69,098 (38.2) | 0.007 |
| Emergency visit | 165,443 (43.8) | 123,130 (46.0) | 0.044 | 76,330 (42.2) | 76,671 (42.4) | 0.004 |