AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ALT	Alanine aminotransferase
AST	Aspartate aminotransferase
ATF3	Activating transcription factor 3
BMI	Body mass index
CPT1	Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
CRP/hs-CRP	C-reactive protein/high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
FA	Fatty acid
FAS	Fatty acid synthase
FMD	Flow-mediated dilation
FOXO1	Forkhead box protein O1
GGT	Gamma-glutamyl transferase
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1
GLUT4	Glucose transporter type 4
HbA1c	Glycated hemoglobin A1c
HDL	High-density lipoprotein
HFD	High-fat diet
HMGCR	3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase
HOMA-IR	Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
IL-1β, IL-6	Interleukin-1 beta, Interleukin-6
IRS1	Insulin receptor substrate 1
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LDL	Low-density lipoprotein
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MASLD	Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease
MCD	Methionine-choline deficient diet
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NLRP3	NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 inflammasome
NO	Nitric oxide
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
OXPHOS	Oxidative phosphorylation
PERK	PKR-like ER kinase
IRE1	Inositol-requiring enzyme 1
ATF6	Activating transcription factor 6
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
PI3K/AKT	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway
PPARγ	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SCFA	Short-chain fatty acid
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
SREBP1c	Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c
TFEB	Transcription factor EB
TG/TC	Triglycerides/Total cholesterol
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
UPR	Unfolded protein response
UCP2	Uncoupling protein 2
VLDL	Very-low-density lipoprotein