Table 2. The comprehensive distribution and functional roles of some dominant truffle associated microorganisms.

Kingdom	Taxon	Type of microorganism	Tuber magnatum		Tuber macrosporum
			Surface	Gleba	Surface	Gleba
Bacteria	Beijerinckiaceae spp.	Gram-negative, aerobes, nitrogen-fixing, free-living, methanotrophs	+	+
Bacteria	Clostridiaceae spp.	Gram-positive, obligate anaerobes, are part of the normoflora of the GI tract, some human and animal pathogens	+		+
Bacteria	Enterobacteriaceae spp.	Gram-negative, aerobes. Pathogens and producers of extended-spectrum β-lactamases, carbapenemases and L-histidine	+			+
Bacteria	Erysipelatoclostridiaceae spp.	Gram-positive, aerobes or facultative anaerobes, animal and human pathogens, some representatives inhabit the human gut microflora				+
Bacteria	Flavobacteriaceae spp.	Gram-negative, aerobes, some representatives of facultative anaerobes, fish pathogens			+
Bacteria	Geitlerinemaceae spp.	Cyanobacteria, photosynthesising.			+	+
Bacteria	Halobacteriaceae spp.	Archaea, most Gram-positive, mostly aerobes, extremal halophiles, free-living saprophytes	+
Bacteria	Listeriaceae spp.	Gram-positive, aerobes, microaerophiles. Human and animal pathogens	+	+	+	+
Bacteria	Lachnospiraceae spp.	Gram-positive, obligate-anaerobic, inhabit the intestinal microflora of humans and animals, saprophytes (process lignocellulose and carbon dioxide), produce butyric acid			+
Bacteria	Lactobacillaceae spp.	Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic or microaerophilic, probiotics in human and animal gut microflora, produce lactic acid, participate in food fermentation	+
Bacteria	Micrococcaceae spp.	Gram-positive, aerobes or facultative anaerobes, there are a small number of species classified as obligate anaerobes, saprophytes, pathogens			+
Bacteria	Mycobacteriaceae spp.	Gram-positive, aerobes, acid and alcohol tolerance, saprophytes, human and animal pathogens			+
Bacteria	Nocardioidaceae spp.	Gram-positive, aerobes, saprotrophs, bioindicators of gas hydrate deposits			+
Bacteria	Paenibacillaceae spp.	Gram-positive, aerobes or facultative anaerobes, plant symbionts, nitrogen fixation, antibiotic producers, used as pesticides			+
Bacteria	Pectobacteriaceae spp.	Gram-negative, facultative anaerobes, pectolytic. Plant pathogens	+	+	+	+
Bacteria	Pirellulaceae spp.	Gram-negative, aerobes, microaerophiles or anaerobes			+	+
Bacteria	Pseudomonadaceae spp.	Gram-negative, aerobes, human and plant pathogens, saprotrophs, some species synthesise antibiotics and biopesticides				+
Bacteria	Rhizobiaceae spp.	Gram-negative, aerobic, nitrogen-fixing. Symbiotic bacteria (symbiosis with leguminous plants). Some species are plant pathogens	+	+	+	+
Bacteria	Saccharimonadaceae spp.	Obligate epibionts (symbionts of other bacteria), possible role in the gut microbiome	+	+	+	+
Bacteria	Streptococcaceae spp.	Gram-positive, facultative anaerobes, animal and human pathogens, probiotics (used in lactase deficiency), used in the dairy industry			+
Bacteria	Xanthobacteraceae spp.	Gram-negative, aerobes, plant symbionts, nitrogen fixers			+
Bacteria	Yersiniaceae spp.	Gram-negative, facultative anaerobes. Human and animal pathogens		+	+
Fungi	Aspergillus sp.	Aerobes, saprotrophs, producers of enzymes, antibiotics, production of organic acids (citric acid, gluconic acid), human and animal pathogens			+
Fungi	Capronia sp.	Aerobes, micromycetes, saprotrophs, symbionts (some form associations with lichens), human and animal pathogens, black yeasts	+
Fungi	Diutina sp.	Facultative anaerobes, yeasts, human pathogens	+
Fungi	Exophiala sp.	Aerobes, micro-mycetes, polyextremophilic opportunistic pathogen, black yeast	+		+
Fungi	Geotrichum sp.	Aerobes, saprotrophs, micromycetes, found in normal human microflora, producer of volatile organic sulphur compounds	+	+	+	+
Fungi	Sebacina sp.	Aerobes, saprotrophs, symbionts (mycorrhizae)			+
Fungi	Plectosphaerella sp.	Aerobes, saprotrophs, phytopathogens, micromycetes				+

Notes.

“+” means presence of microorganism.