Table 3.

Examples of Hydrogel Formulation Applicated in Cancer Vaccines

Materials Crosslink	Properties	Application	Ref
Chitosan (CS)-coated polylactic co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (PLGA-NP)	Protecting loaded contents from enzymatic degradation and controlling their release, constituting antigen and adjuvant deposit	HPV-related tumors	[57]
Chitosan/glycerophosphate (GP)	Enable solution transition to gel at physiological temperature	Colon Cancer	[50]
Polysaccharide chitosan	Anti-swelling performance and prolonging drug-release profile	Glioblastoma	[58]
Sodium alginate	Controlling release of antigen and immunoadjuvant	Breast tumors	[59]
Alginate	Good biodegradability and biocompatibility, sustaining release of anti-angiogenic Endostar	Colon Tumor	[60]
Polymer-nanoparticle (PNP)	Primary tumor resection bed coverage, spatial and temporal delivery of hydrogel contents	Breast carcinoma	[43]
PEG-Core Triblock Copolymer with ε-Caprolactone/Glycolide Arms	Sol-to-gel transition in vivo, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability	Lymphoma	[61]
Mannose-decorated hybrid biomembrane (MHCM) modified with oxidized sodium alginate (OSA)	Quick gelation subcutaneously	Breast tumors	[59]