Table 3.
Means and standard deviations of variables.
| Research Question 1 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TD participants (n = 352) |
DLD participants (n = 57) |
|||||
| Variable | M | SD | M | SD | t(407) | p |
| Spanish exposure | 50.92 | 21.63 | 48.14 | 23.41 | 0.86 | .39 |
| Spanish semantics | 15.67 | 5.67 | 10.02 | 4.81 | 7.13 | < .001 |
| Spanish morphosyntax cloze | 5.46 | 2.18 | 2.18 | 2.07 | 10.05 | < .001 |
| Spanish sentence repetition | 17.29 | 7.83 | 7.61 | 5.50 | 11.53 | < .001 |
| English semantics | 13.52 | 5.55 | 8.40 | 4.60 | 6.60 | < .001 |
| English morphosyntax cloze | 7.13 | 5.24 | 3.11 | 3.07 | 8.16 | < .001 |
| English sentence repetition | 7.70 | 4.20 | 3.25 | 3.39 | 8.88 | < .001 |
|
Research Question 2 with additional Spanish-only participants | ||||||
| TD participants (n = 617) | DLD participants (n = 118) | |||||
|
Variable |
M |
SD |
M |
SD |
t(733) |
p |
| Spanish exposure | 58.28 | 24.54 | 61.39 | 27.00 | 1.18 | .24 |
| Spanish semantics | 15.41 | 5.68 | 8.69 | 4.96 | 12.38 | < .001 |
| Spanish morphosyntax cloze | 6.15 | 3.17 | 2.77 | 2.18 | 14.13 | < .001 |
| Spanish sentence repetition | 17.87 | 7.99 | 7.56 | 6.10 | 16.40 | < .001 |
|
Research Question 2 with additional English-only participants | ||||||
| TD participants (n = 574) | DLD participants (n = 131) | |||||
|
Variable |
M |
SD |
M |
SD |
t(703) |
p |
| Spanish exposure | 41.18 | 25.35 | 33.53 | 25.98 | 3.11 | .002 |
| English semantics | 14.79 | 5.57 | 9.09 | 5.05 | 10.94 | < .001 |
| English morphosyntax cloze | 8.58 | 5.35 | 3.79 | 3.28 | 13.19 | < .001 |
| English sentence repetition | 8.58 | 4.12 | 4.01 | 3.40 | 13.48 | < .001 |
Note. TD = typically developing; DLD = developmental language disorder.