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. 2025 Sep 22;4(9):e0001019. doi: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0001019

Fig 4. QUADAS-2 bias assessment results.

Fig 4

QUality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) bias assessment results. Figure is best viewed in color. Studies are assessed for risk of bias in patient selection, index test (i.e., AI model) definition, reference standard (ground truth) definition, and the flow and timing of their study in relation to decisions about patient care. Studies are assessed for concerns about applicability for patient selection, index test definition, and reference standard definition. Reference standard assessments for frame selection studies are reported classification first, frame selection second. H = high; U = unclear. The full QUADAS-2 criteria adapted from [14] is available in the S3 File.