Table 11.

Deep Brain Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation, Human Clinical Studies

Target	Application	Outcome	Focal Length (mm)	Frequency (kHz)	Pulse Repetition Frequency (Hz)	Duty Cycle (%)	SPTA Intensity (W/cm2)	SPPA Intensity (W/cm2)	Mechanical Index	Thermal Index	Peak Negative Pressure (Mpa)	Acoustic Pressure (MPa)	Pulse Width (ms)	Session Time	Publication Identifier
inferior frontal gyrus	healthy controls			500	40	0.5	0.199		1.53					120 s	[245]
amygdala	healthy controls	fMRI BOLD signal of amygdala, functional connectivity	55 or 65	650	10	5	0.72	14.4					5	20 min, 30 s on / 30 s off	[242]
ventral intermediate nucleus, thalamus	essential tremor	neuropsychiatric tests		650	10		0.71973	14.39	0.75		0.61		5	eight, 10-min sessions, 30 s on / 30 s off	[244]
ventral capsule / ventral striatum	healthy controls	fMRI BOLD functional connectivity, arterial spin label perfusion	80	650	10	5	0.72	14.4				0.74	5	12 sessions, 20 min, 30 s on / 30 sec off	[243]
					125	5						0.74	0.4
					125	50						0.24	4
entorhinal cortex			55 or 65		100	5						0.68	0.5
hippocampus	temporal lobe epilepsy	seizure reduction		548	0.14	18 to 50	0.5 to 1.1				0.14 to 0.42			6 sessions, twice weekly	[241]
anterior cingulate cortex	chronic pain	patient reported pain measures		650	1.42	50	0.66	31	1.2	0.64			5	40 min sessions. 30 ms bursts	[247]
ventral intermediate nucleus, thalamus	essential tremor	accelerometer power		650		10						0.72	1	1 ms every 100 ms for 15 s cycles, repeated for 90 min sessinos	[239]
subcallosal cingulate cortex	drug resistant depression	fMRI BOLD signal of subcallosal cingulate cortex		650		0.8						1	30	30 ms ON, 4 ms OFF, for ten 2 min sessions	[240]

Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD); Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI); Spatial Peak Temporal Average (SPTA); Spatial Peak Pulse Average (SPPA)