Table 8.

Technical Specifications for Recording Electronic Implants.

	Neural Dust	FF-WINeR	WiPRoC	BioBolt ECoG	Microscale Opto-Electronically Transduced Electrode (MOTE)	ENGINI
Publication Identifier	[182]	[185]	[212]	[210]	[186]	[214]
Clinical Readiness	Academic Research	Academic Research	Academic Research	Academic Research	Academic Research	Academic Research
Transmission Type	Ultrasound	RF	RF	Galvanic	Optical	RF, Near-field
External Coil Size (Diameter)	none	45 mm (diameter)	24 mm	none	none	―
Repeater Coil	none	32 mm (diameter)	none	none	none	yes
On-Chip Coil Material	PVT	AWG wire coil	―	―	AlGaAs Photovoltaic	Au
On-Chip Coil Size (mm)	0.5625	1.2 (diameter)	3 × 3	none	none	3.5 × 3.5
Powering Frequnecy	1.85 MHz	60 MHz	144 MHz	none	545 THz	433 MHz
Down Link Rate (kbps)	0.5 Mbps	―	15	10	―	205
Up Link Rate (kbps)	―	―	―	―	―	―
Transmission Scheme	amplitude shift keying	on-off keying	analog-shift keying	frequency shift keying	pulse-position modulation	frequency shift keying
Device Size (um) †	800 × 3000 × 1000	1000 × 1000	3000 × 3000	≈ 11,000 × 11,000 × 11,000	250 × 57	4000 (diameter), 1000 (thickness)
CMOS Tech (um)	custom	0.13	0.18	0.25	0.18	0.35
Chip Power	0.12	93	160	365	1	92
On Board Battery	none	none	none	Li ion	none	none
Working Distance (cm)	0.88	1.6	1	direct contact	0.6	―
Testing	Tested recording in rat gastrocnemius muscle and sciatic nerve, comparing to wires ground truth.	Tested in ex-vivo dissected lamb head (w/o bone and skin)	Bench testing only.	Tested in non-human primate.	Bench testing only. Successful recovery of a pre-recorded neural signal.	Anti-buckling insertion and system tested in Agarose Gel.

Note: “―” represents specification not indicated