TABLE 3.

Statistical properties of RDA models, using third‐corner approach to relate the ordination axes from models relating the distribution of 1386 butterfly species in 36 Indian federal states and union territories to predictors describing the states (summarised in Table 2), to life history traits of the butterflies. The models are visualised at Figures 3 and 4.

Model	Varadj	Eig1	Eig2	Eig3	Eig4	F p axis1	F p all axes
Ignoring phylogeny
Unconstrained (PCA)	18.0	0.101	0.062	0.013	0.008	15.5***	31.3***
Geography RDA	22.4	0.156	0.061	0.010	0.002	25.3***	40.9***
Climate RDA	23.7	0.156	0.074	0.013	—	25.4***	44.1***
Land covers RDA	22.6	0.203	0.029	—	—	34.9***	41.4***
Socioeconomics	29.6	0.265	0.036	—	—	49.6***	59.1***
Considering phylogeny
Unconstrained (PCA)	11.1	0.056	0.012	0.005	0.003	12.0***	16.8***
Geography RDA	13.0	0.065	0.007	0.004	0.001	16.2***	19.8***
Climate RDA	10.5	0.047	0.011	0.004	0.002	11.3***	15.8***
Land covers RDA	11.2	0.048	0.009	0.002	0.001	12.8***	16.3***
Socioeconomics RDA	17.7	0.088	0.014	0.005	0.001	22.2***	28.3***

Note: Monte‐Carlo permutation tests significance values: **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.