Table 4. Total number of parameters for four models.

Comparison of the total number of parameters for four different model configurations: DNABERT_2, DNABERT_2+CNN, DNABERT_2+BiLSTM, and DNABERT_2+CNN+BiLSTM. The table shows that the model with both CNN and BiLSTM layers (DNABERT_2+CNN+BiLSTM) has the highest parameter count, indicating increased complexity and capacity for learning more intricate patterns from the data.

Model	Total parameters
DNABERT_2	117,070,082
DNABERT_2+CNN	120,615,170
DNABERT_2+BiLSTM	117,988,610
DNABERT_2+CNN+BiLSTM	122,318,594