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. 2025 Jul 28;11:e3002. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.3002

Table 1. Hyperparameter tuning.

Parameter Values tested Optimal value
Learning rate ( η) 0.01, 0.001, 0.0005, 0.0001 0.001
Batch size 8, 16, 32 16
Activation function ReLU, Leaky ReLU, Tanh Leaky ReLU
Patch size 16 × 16, 32 × 32, 64 × 64 32 × 32
Dropout rate 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 0.1