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. 2025 Sep 10;11:e3189. doi: 10.7717/peerj-cs.3189

Table 4. Model performance metrics for real and augmented datasets.

Metric Real data Augmented data Improvement p-value
RMSE 2.56 2.18 15.2% <0.01
MAE 1.86 1.49 19.9% 0.003
SSIM 0.82 0.91 11.0% 0.012
KL-Divergence 0.67 0.51 23.9% 0.008