|
Jiang et al. (2019)
|
2019 |
Opcode, Sensitive API, STR, actions |
Drebin (Android) |
KNN, DT, GB |
99.5% (AUC) |
|
Zou et al. (2020)
|
2020 |
ByteCode |
Drebin (Android) |
CNN |
97% |
|
Sihag, Vardhan & Singh (2021)
|
2021 |
Opcode sequence |
Drebin+Genome+Contagio+AndroAutopssy+AndroDracker (Android) |
KNN, J48, RF |
98.18% |
|
Darem et al. (2021)
|
2021 |
Opcode, N-gram (1, 2, 3), Image conversion |
Microsoft malware dataset (Windows) |
XGBoost and CNN (Ensemble) |
99.12% |
|
Zhang et al. (2021)
|
2021 |
Opcode Sequence, System Call, Text |
Drebin (Android) |
CNN-BiLSTM, NLP |
97.6% |
|
Khan et al. (2022)
|
2022 |
Opcode, Skip-gram |
Own hybrid dataset (Android) |
Op2Vec, DNN, |
97.47% |
|
Wang & Qian (2022)
|
2022 |
Opcode, Word2Vec |
SOREL-20M (Windows) |
TextCNN |
98.66% |
|
Jeon et al. (2022)
|
2022 |
Opcode sequence, API calls, RGB images (Hybrid) |
HyMalD (Android) |
HyMaID (Bi-LSTM, SPP-NET) |
92.5% |
|
Tang et al. (2023)
|
2023 |
Bytecode, Hex, N-gram |
BIG 2015 and Malimg (Windows) |
LightGBM |
99.70% |
|
Xie, Qin & Di (2023)
|
2023 |
Dalvik opcode, Permissions, API calls |
CIC-AndMal2017 and CICMalDroid2020 (Android) |
Stacking model |
96.77% |
|
Lee et al. (2023)
|
2023 |
Opcode |
Own hybrid dataset (Android) |
MLP |
98.0% |
|
Wu et al. (2023)
|
2023 |
Opcode, Function-calls, graph2vec |
Own hybrid dataset (IOT) |
SVM |
98.88% |
|
Sharma et al. (2025)
|
2025 |
Opcode |
DataMD, AndroZoo, Drebin |
DNN |
97.91% |
|
Gu et al. (2024)
|
2024 |
Opcode CodeBERT, textCNN, |
Drebin, Androzoo |
GNN |
99.47% |
|
Zhou et al. (2024)
|
2024 |
Opcode, permissions, api calls |
Drebin, CICInvesAndMal2019 |
Ensemble |
95.32% |
|
Liu et al. (2024)
|
2024 |
Api calls Word2vec, |
CICMal2020 |
GNN |
98% |
| JDroid (Proposed Model) |
2024 |
Java ByteCode and Dalvik Opcode Hybrid Feature Vector- Fixed length array (without N-gram, Skip-gram, Word2Vec, Image Conversion, Text) |
Hybrid Dataset (Android) |
Stacking generalized ensemble model |
Acc: 98.69% |
| AUC: 99.6% |
