Table 8. Composite star ratings of algorithms across smart city domains.
| Algorithm | Infrastructure | Energy | Water resources | Transportation | IoT/Network |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACO | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ |
| EMOCA | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★★ |
| MOEA/D | ★ | ★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ |
| NSGA-II | ★★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★★ | ★★★★★ | ★★★ |
| NSGA-III | ★★ | ★★ | ★ | ★★ | ★ |
| PSO | ★★★ | ★★★ | ★★★ | ★★★ | ★★★★ |
| SPEA2 | ★★ | ★★★ | ★★ | ★★★ | ★★ |
Note:
Stars represent composite scores based on two dimensions: (i) literature frequency and (ii) performance suitability. Ratings are interpreted as follows: ★★★★★ (frequent use and strong suitability), ★★★★ (broad applicability with solid performance), ★★★ (moderate use and acceptable alignment), ★★ (limited use or partial mismatch), and ★ (rare use or poor fit). These star ratings are intended as structured summaries of suitability trends across domains, rather than definitive rankings of algorithmic quality. Score-to-star mapping: 6 points = ★★★★★, 5 = ★★★★, 4 = ★★★, 2–3 = ★★, 0–1 = ★.