Table 3. Comparison of the three models with other standard models.

Model	Inference time (ms)	Params (M)	Memory (MB)	FLOPs	MACs
Mask region-based CNN (Faster R-CNN) (Mask R-CNN) (Kriouile et al., 2024)	99	41	168	341	170
Faster region-based CNN (Faster R-CNN) (He et al., 2017)	82	31	121	230	115
Feature pyramid network (FPN) (Wang et al., 2025)	181	72	289	571	285
YOLOv8 (Chen et al., 2025)	15	7.8	31	17.1	77
VGG16 (Simonyan & Zisserman, 2014)	93	121	328	13.2	90
LSTM (Hochreiter & Schmidhuber, 1997)	12	1.9	7	1.4	13