TABLE 4.

Summary of the included studies.

	Participants’							Data
Author, year	sample	sex	age	Interventions	Dose	Setting	Professionals	collection	analysis	Results
Kim et al. (2018)	1x lvPPA (1x care partner)	1x female (1x male)	62 years. (68 years)	Aphasia Camp facilitates a variety of activities (e.g., adapted archery, canoeing, orienteering, hiking, caregiver support and conversation groups)	Once a year over a weekend	Group	Clinicians/students from the fields of speech and language therapy, physical therapy and occupational therapy	Exploratory semi‐structured interviewing	Conventional content analysis (inductive approach)	The couple reported an increase in social connections and the launch of new activities. The couple's personality traits had an impact on their experience of aphasia camp and how they integrated their experience into their everyday lives after the camp
Morhardt et al. (2019)	Pilot phase: 6x PPA Formal intervention: 9x PPA (8x care partner)	Pilot phase: 2x female, 4x male Formal intervention: 4x female, 5x male (6x female, 2x male)	Pilot phase: 53–80 years, M = 67.5 Formal intervention: 55–82 years, M = 67.2	Pilot phase: ‘PPA education/talk‐based support group (Yale 1999)’ (focus on counselling, patient education and introduction of AAC techniques) with a separate care partner group Formal intervention: ‘Hybrid Support Group’ for people with PPA and their care partners (focus similar to Pilot phase) ‘Social Activity Group’ for people with PPA (focus on activities including art or horticulture)	Five 90‐min bimonthly sessions	Group	SLT, clinical neuropsychologist, cognitive neuroscientist	Observational field notes	Thematic analysis	Support and education groups were valued by participants and contributed to a sense of wellbeing, personal empowerment and QoL (‘One member shared that he was "very depressed before the group" and "intermediately depressed after the group,"’ 1316).
Jokel et al. (2017)	2x lvPPA 3x nfvPPA (5x care partners)	2x female 3x male (3x female, 2x male)	59–80 years, M = 72.4 (56–85 years, M = 70.4)	PPA participant group: conversations about current global, local or personal events without focus on health issues; word‐retrieval strategies Caregiver group: networking, speaking about current needs of partners; 2 of 10 sessions are practice of communication strategies in spousal dyads	Ten 120‐min weekly sessions	Group	SLT, students from the field of speech and language therapy, social worker, neuropsychologist, nutrition scientist, neuropsychiatrist, neurorehabilitation scientist, clinical psychologist	Self‐assessment scale; spousal questionnaire; use of communication strategies; qualitative feedback	Inferential statistics (using the Wilcoxon sign‐ranked test); descriptive statistics	Most valuable aspects for people with PPA and their partners were: disease education, learning about therapy options/psychosocial aspects and interdisciplinarity. Discussing how to deal with PPA was important. Participants described the group as a ‘fantastic experience’ (60) and wished to continue the programme beyond the initial 10 weeks. Comparison of pre‐post intervention scores in ASHA QCLS suggests positive changes (W = 0, Z = ‐2.0226, p < 0.05, r = 0.64).
Góral‐Półrola et al. (2015)	1x nfvPPA	1x female	73 years	Training with an AAC system specially designed for the needs of the patient	20 sessions	Individual	AAC therapist/speech and language therapist, nursing staff	Documentation of conversational speech	Qualitative analysis, descriptive statistics	The patient had the ability to communicate nonverbally with her son and the nursing staff.
Rogalski et al. (2016)	28x PPA 3x other dementia diagnoses	18x female, 13x male	56–83 years M = 67.2	Internet‐based therapy via the Communication Bridge Web application, including impairment‐based/activity‐ and participation‐based approaches/disease education/counselling	Eight 60‐min sessions	Individual	SLT	Self‐reported functional gains, self‐assessment scale, qualitative interviews	Inferential statistics (using analysis of variance, t‐test), descriptive statistics	Participant, care partner, and therapist feedback were overwhelmingly positive, with 16 participant and/or care partner pairs reporting that therapy ‘exceeded’ expectations. Repeated‐measures ANOVA showed a significant change in CCRSA scores across the three test intervals (p = 0.02). Post hoc t‐tests revealed a significant improvement in their confidence in communication from baseline to the 2 months (p = 0.018).
Volkmer, Walton et al. (2023)	4x nfvPPA 3x lvPPA 2x mixed PPA (9x care partner)	5x female 4x male (5x female, 4x male)	57–85 years M = 72.1 (34–80, M = 64.6)	Communication partner training in which a dyad is supported to reflect on a video sample of their own conversation, identifying behaviours that facilitate or hinder communication; role plays and homework tasks enable transfer	6 weeks of intervention containing four 60‐min sessions	Dyads	Trained SLT	Self‐assessment scale; communication partner rating scale; 4 × 10‐min videos of recorded everyday conversation	Descriptive statistics (using minimally clinically important difference)	29/30 intervention goals achieved, and 16 of 30 coded conversation behaviours demonstrated change in the right direction; both (intervention and control) groups experienced an improvement in QoL.
Jokel et al. (2010)	1x svPPA	1x male	56 years2	Retraining of forgotten words through errorless learning; utilizing the MossTalk Words software	Three times a week, 60‐min sessions	Individual	SLT	Linguistic/cognitive testing; word lists; rating scale	Inferential statistics (using the McNemar and Wilcoxon sign‐ranked test)	The results of the Wilcoxon test indicate non‐significant in ASHA QCLS scores (p = 0.125).
Whitworth et al. (2018)	1x lvPPA 1x svPPA	1x female 1x male	54–59 years M = 56.5	NARNIA intervention programme (Whitworth et al. 2015)	20 sessions over a 10‐week period	Individual	SLT	Linguistic/cognitive testing; discourse performance using the Curtin University Discourse Protocol	Discourse analysis; inferential statistics (using McNemar, Fisher's exact test and the reliable change index)	Significant changes were seen in self‐reported social communication and participation ratings on the ALA according to the Reliable Change Index (RCI, ≥ 1.96 with a confidence interval of 95%).
Beales et al. (2016)	1x lvPPA 3x svPPA	1x female 3x male	53–70 years M = 60.25	Self‐cueing lexical retrieval intervention across word classes (nouns, verbs and adjectives)	Eight 90‐min therapy sessions twice weekly	Individual	SLT	Naming and discourse performance using the Curtin University Discourse Protocol, self‐assessment scale	Inferential statistics (using the Cochran test, McNemar test, and Fisher exact test), and descriptive statistics	All participants rated their confidence in word retrieval skills higher after intervention (range of 10% to 40% improvement) and perceived that their ability of word retrieval also improved.
Mahendra and Tadokoro (2020)	1x nfvPPA	1x female	57 years	Range of interventions offered to support communicative function, social participation, sense of identity, and emotional well‐being	Over a period of 3 years	Combined	SLT	Linguistic/cognitive testing, self‐assessment scale	Descriptive statistics	Improved QoL‐scores in ASHA QCLS between Years 1 and 2 (3/5 > 4/5). In Year 3, the participant reported feeling positive about the future, confident and having positive things to do but also feeling socially isolated and bored.
Cadório et al. (2021)	1x mixed PPA 1x nfvPPA	1x female 1x male	52–60 years M = 56	Structured training	12 sessions	Individual	SLT	Linguistic/cognitive testing, self‐assessment scale	Inferential statistics (using the McNemar test)	The patients’ QoL remained steady (C1 scored 18/25 at both time points; C2 scored 17/25 before and 18/25 after treatment).
Andrade‐Calderón (2015)	1x nfvPPA	1x male	84 years	Stimulating the phonological, lexical and syntactic processing	Weekly therapy sessions for a period of 12 months	Individual	SLT	Linguistic/cognitive testing, self‐assessment scale	Descriptive statistics	Continuous improvement in GDS‐scores throughout the intervention (12 > 8 > 5); improvements in NPI (1 > 0 > 0); ‘Good’ and stable QoL according to DEMQOL. Family members of the participant reported improved participation in social life and that the participant lost his fear of initiating a conversation with relatives or strangers.

Abbreviations: AAC, augmentative and alternative communication; ASHA QCLS, American Speech‐Language‐Hearing Association Quality of Communication Life Scale; DEMQOL, dementia quality of life measure; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; lvPPA, logopenic variant of PPA; NARNIA, novel approach to real‐life communication: narrative intervention in aphasia; nfvPPA, nonfluent variant of PPA; NPI, neuropsychiatric inventory; PPA, primary progressive aphasia; QoL, quality of life; SLT, speech and language therapist; svPPA, semantic variant of PPA.